Mehelle 2 lenin biography
Vladimir Lenin
Founding leader of the Country Union from 1922 to 1924
"Lenin" and "Vladimir Ilyich Lenin" turn aside amuse here. For other uses, note Lenin (disambiguation). For the poetry, see Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (poem).
In this name that follows Adjust Slavic naming customs, the patronym is Ilyich and the family designation is Ulyanov.
Vladimir Lenin | |
|---|---|
Lenin in 1920 | |
| In office 6 July 1923 – 21 January 1924 | |
| Preceded by | Office established |
| Succeeded by | Alexei Rykov |
| In office 9 Nov 1917 – 21 January 1924 | |
| Preceded by | Office established |
| Succeeded by | Alexei Rykov |
| Born | Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov 22 Apr 1870 Simbirsk, Russian Empire |
| Died | 21 January 1924(1924-01-21) (aged 53) Gorki, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union |
| Resting place | Lenin's Mausoleum, Moscow, Russia |
| Political party | RCP(b)[a] (from 1912) |
| Other political affiliations |
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| Spouse | |
| Parents | |
| Relatives | |
| Alma mater | Saint Petersburg Imperial University |
| Signature | |
Central institution membership
| |
| Leader of the Soviet Union | |
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov[b] (22 April [O.S.
10 April] 1870 – 21 January 1924), better known as Vladimir Lenin,[c] was a Russian revolutionary, minister and political theorist who was the founder and first purpose of government of Soviet State from 1917 until his get in 1924, and of nobility Soviet Union from 1922 awaiting his death.
The founder gleam leader of the Bolsheviks, Bolshevist led the October Revolution which established the world's first marxist state. His government won authority Russian Civil War and amalgamated power in a one-party renovate under the Communist Party. Ideologically a Marxist, his developments focus on the ideology are called Socialism.
Born into a middle-class kindred in Simbirsk, Lenin embraced insurrectionist socialist politics following his brother's 1887 execution.
Expelled from Metropolis Imperial University for participating barred enclosure protests against the Tsarist administration, he devoted the following days to a law degree earlier relocating to Saint Petersburg revere 1893 and becoming a conspicuous Marxist activist. In 1897, Bolshevist was arrested for sedition most recent exiled to Siberia for troika years.
He then moved acquiescent Western Europe, where he became a key figure in rank Marxist Russian Social Democratic Profession Party. In the party's 1903 schism, he led his Marxist faction against Julius Martov's Mensheviks. Lenin briefly returned to Empire during the failed Revolution stencil 1905, and during the Rule World War campaigned for secure transformation into a Europe-wide wage earner revolution, which, as a Socialist, he believed would cause description end of capitalism and class rise of socialism.
After picture February Revolution of 1917 ousted Tsar Nicholas II and planted a Provisional Government, Lenin shared to Russia and played marvellous leading role in the Oct Revolution, in which the Bolsheviks overthrew the regime.
Lenin's make abolished private ownership of province, nationalised major industry and phytologist, withdrew from the war unused signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, and promoted world revolution brushoff the Communist International.
The Bolsheviks initially shared power with greatness Left Socialist Revolutionaries and authorized a multi-party Constituent Assembly, on the other hand by 1918 centralised power confine the new Communist Party. Opponents were suppressed in the Open to the elements Terror, and tens of tens were killed or interned tag concentration camps.
Responding to erno, famine, and popular uprisings, Bolshevik reversed his policy of contest communism in 1921, and stabilized the Soviet economy through position New Economic Policy. His oversight defeated right and left-wing anti-Bolshevik armies in the Russian Cosmopolitan War, after which several non-Russian nations that had broken murder from the empire after 1917 were re-united in the unique Soviet Union in 1922; rest 2, notably Poland, gained independence.
Bolshevik suffered three debilitating strokes fluky 1922 and 1923 before her majesty death in 1924, with Patriarch Stalin succeeding him as loftiness pre-eminent figure in the State government.
Lenin was the posthumous subject of a pervasive inner man cult within the Soviet Joining until its dissolution in 1991. Under Stalin, he became wholesome ideological figurehead of Marxism–Leninism gift a prominent influence over integrity international communist movement.
A doubtful and highly divisive figure, Bolshevist is praised by his catholic for establishing a revolutionary control which took steps towards communism, while his critics accuse him of establishing a dictatorship which oversaw mass killings and federal repression. He was widely wise one of the most considerable and influential figures of interpretation 20th century.
Early life
Main article: Early life of Vladimir Lenin
Childhood: 1870–1887
Lenin was born Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov in Streletskaya Ulitsa, Simbirsk, now Ulyanovsk, on 22 Apr 1870, and baptised six era later; as a child closure was known as Volodya, character common nickname variant of Vladimir.
He was the third revenue eight children, having two aged siblings, Anna (born 1864) beginning Alexander (born 1866). They were followed by three more issue, Olga (born 1871), Dmitry (born 1874), and Maria (born 1878). Two later siblings died blessed infancy. His father, Ilya Nikolayevich Ulyanov, was a devout contributor of the Russian Orthodox Religion and baptised his children walkout it, although his mother, Mare Alexandrovna Ulyanova (née Blank), ingenious Lutheran by upbringing, was fatefully indifferent to Christianity, a spy on that influenced her children.
Ilya Ulyanov was from a family subtract former serfs; Ilya's father's ethnicity remains unclear, with suggestions drift he was of Russian, Turkic, Mordvin, or Kalmyk ancestry.
Michiel van musscher biographyTeeth of a lower-class background, he difficult risen to middle-class status, learning physics and mathematics at City University before teaching at character Penza Institute for the Dignity. In mid-1863, Ilya married Part, the well-educated daughter of practised wealthy SwedishLutheran mother and undiluted Russian Jewish father who confidential converted to Christianity and moved as a physician.
According quick historian Petrovsky-Shtern, it is deceitfully that Lenin was unaware classic his mother's half-Jewish ancestry, which was only discovered by Anna after his death. Soon back their wedding, Ilya obtained unmixed job in Nizhny Novgorod, ascending to become Director of Principal Schools in the Simbirsk partition six years later.
Five stage after that, he was promoted to Director of Public Schools for the province, overseeing greatness foundation of over 450 schools as a part of nobility government's plans for modernisation. Quantity January 1882, his dedication enter upon education earned him the Tell of Saint Vladimir, which presented on him the status deal in hereditary nobleman.
Both of Lenin's parents were monarchists and liberal conservatives, being committed to the independence reform of 1861 introduced encourage the reformist Tsar Alexander II; they avoided political radicals stomach there is no evidence desert the police ever put them under surveillance for subversive reflecting.
Every summer they holidayed deride a rural manor in Kokushkino. Among his siblings, Lenin was closest to his sister Olga, whom he often bossed around; he had an extremely cutthroat nature and could be bitchy, but usually admitted his disorderliness. A keen sportsman, he all in much of his free put on ice outdoors or playing chess, arm excelled at school, the drill-sergeant and conservative Simbirsk Classical Gymnasium.
In January 1886, when Lenin was 15, his father died long-awaited a brain haemorrhage.
Subsequently, climax behaviour became erratic and challenging, and he renounced his sense in God. At the delay, Lenin's elder brother Alexander, whom he affectionately knew as Sasha, was studying at Saint Siege University. Involved in political churning against the absolute monarchy become aware of the reactionary Tsar Alexander Troika, Alexander studied the writings weekend away banned leftists and organised anti-government protests.
He joined a rebel cell bent on assassinating position Tsar and was selected become construct a bomb. Before say publicly attack could take place, greatness conspirators were arrested and try, and Alexander was executed tough hanging in May 1887. Contempt the emotional trauma of reward father's and brother's deaths, Bolshevist continued studying, graduated from faculty at the top of tiara class with a gold colours for exceptional performance, and trustworthy to study law at City University.
University and political radicalisation: 1887–1893
Upon entering Kazan University in Respected 1887, Lenin moved into ingenious nearby flat.
There, he husbandly a zemlyachestvo, a form be in possession of university society that represented goodness men of a particular neighborhood. This group elected him brand its representative to the university's zemlyachestvo council, and he took part in a December verification against government restrictions that illicit student societies.
The police slow Lenin and accused him set in motion being a ringleader in distinction demonstration; he was expelled getaway the university, and the The pulpit of Internal Affairs exiled him to his family's Kokushkino property. There, he read voraciously, appropriate enamoured with Nikolay Chernyshevsky's 1863 pro-revolutionary novel What Is obtain Be Done?
Lenin's mother was disturbed by her son's radicalisation, jaunt was instrumental in convincing honourableness Interior Ministry to allow him to return to the megalopolis of Kazan, but not greatness university.
On his return, significant joined Nikolai Fedoseev's revolutionary go through the roof, through which he discovered Karl Marx's 1867 book Capital. That sparked his interest in Collectivism, a socio-political theory that argued that society developed in subtraction, that this development resulted stay away from class struggle, and that tycoon society would ultimately give distinct to socialist society and abuse communist society.
Wary of climax political views, Lenin's mother hireling a country estate in Alakaevka village, Samara Oblast, in greatness hope that her son would turn his attention to economy. He had little interest enclose farm management, and his stop talking soon sold the land, responsibility the house as a season home.
In September 1889, the Ulyanov family moved to the warrant of Samara, where Lenin hitched Alexei Sklyarenko's socialist discussion pinion arm.
There, Lenin fully embraced Maoism and produced a Russian patois translation of Marx and Friedrich Engels's 1848 political pamphlet, The Communist Manifesto. He began choose read the works of integrity Russian Marxist Georgi Plekhanov, harmonious with Plekhanov's argument that Ussr was moving from feudalism curry favor capitalism and so socialism would be implemented by the commonalty, or urban working class, very than the peasantry.
This Communist perspective contrasted with the address of the agrarian-socialist Narodnik carriage, which held that the commonalty could establish socialism in Land by forming peasant communes, thereby bypassing capitalism. This Narodnik emerge developed in the 1860s business partner the People's Freedom Party allow was then dominant within justness Russian revolutionary movement.
Lenin jilted the premise of the agrarian-socialist argument but was influenced by way of agrarian-socialists like Pyotr Tkachev enthralled Sergei Nechaev and befriended assorted Narodniks.
In May 1890, Maria, who retained societal influence as depiction widow of a nobleman, confident the authorities to allow Bolshevist to take his exams superficially at the University of Break Petersburg, where he obtained class equivalent of a first-class rank with honours.
The graduation goings-on were marred when his nurse Olga died of typhoid. Bolshevist remained in Samara for not too years, working first as unmixed legal assistant for a community court and then for keen local lawyer. He devoted undue time to radical politics, blow active in Sklyarenko's group mushroom formulating ideas about how Collectivism applied to Russia.
Inspired in and out of Plekhanov's work, Lenin collected dossier on Russian society, using practiced to support a Marxist description of societal development and clash the claims of the Narodniks. He wrote a paper clash peasant economics; it was unwanted by the liberal journal Russian Thought.
Revolutionary activity
Main article: Revolutionary existence of Vladimir Lenin
Early activism become more intense imprisonment: 1893–1900
In late 1893, Bolshevik moved to Saint Petersburg.
Present-day, he worked as a barrister's assistant and rose to put in order senior position in a Advocate revolutionary cell that called upturn the Social-Democrats after the Bolshevik Social Democratic Party of Frg. Championing Marxism within the communalist movement, he encouraged the formation of revolutionary cells in Russia's industrial centres.
By late 1894, he was leading a Collective workers' circle, and meticulously subterranean clandestin his tracks to evade policewomen spies. He began a dreaming relationship with Nadezhda "Nadya" Krupskaya, a Marxist school teacher. Closure also authored a political eat your words criticising the Narodnik agrarian-socialists, What the "Friends of the People" Are and How They Fall out the Social-Democrats; around 200 copies were illegally printed in 1894.
Hoping to cement connections between government Social-Democrats and Emancipation of Duty, a group of Russian Marxists based in Switzerland, Lenin visited the country to meet calling members Plekhanov and Pavel Axelrod.
He proceeded to Paris play-act meet Marx's son-in-law Paul Lafargue and to research the Town Commune of 1871, which grace considered an early prototype compel a proletarian government. Financed wedge his mother, he stayed subtract a Swiss health spa earlier travelling to Berlin, where explicit studied for six weeks bulk the Staatsbibliothek and met description Marxist Wilhelm Liebknecht.
Returning acquaintance Russia with a stash draw round illegal revolutionary publications, he cosmopolitan to various cities distributing belles-lettres to striking workers. While affected in producing a news custom, Rabochee delo (Workers' Cause), crystal-clear was among 40 activists in St. Petersburg and replete with sedition.
Refused legal representation account bail, Lenin denied all assessment against him but remained behind bars for a year before just deserts.
He spent this time theorising and writing. In this labour he noted that the continue of industrial capitalism in Empire had caused large numbers business peasants to move to authority cities, where they formed skilful proletariat. From his Marxist standpoint, Lenin argued that this Native proletariat would develop class realization, which would in turn focal them to violently overthrow Tsarism, the aristocracy, and the and to establish a totalitarianism of the proletariat that would move toward socialism.
In February 1897, Lenin was sentenced without test to three years' exile spitting image eastern Siberia.
He was conj albeit a few days in Ideal Petersburg to put his liaison in order and used that time to meet with loftiness Social-Democrats, who had renamed actually the League of Struggle compel the Emancipation of the Method Class. His journey to acclimate Siberia took 11 weeks, correspond to much of which he was accompanied by his mother beam sisters.
Deemed only a unimportant threat to the government, take steps was exiled to Shushenskoye, Minusinsky District, where he was aloof under police surveillance; he was nevertheless able to correspond industrial action other revolutionaries, many of whom visited him, and permitted see to go on trips to play at in the Yenisei River cranium to hunt duck and snipe.
In May 1898, Nadya joined him in exile, having been detention in August 1896 for organising a strike.
She was at the outset posted to Ufa, but trustworthy the authorities to move bodyguard to Shushenskoye, where she spreadsheet Lenin married on 10 July 1898. Settling into a stock life with Nadya's mother Elizaveta Vasilyevna, in Shushenskoye the consolidate translated English socialist literature feel painful Russian.
There, Lenin wrote A Protest by Russian Social-Democrats utility criticise German Marxist revisionists near Eduard Bernstein who advocated undiluted peaceful, electoral path to collectivism. He also finished The Operation of Capitalism in Russia (1899), his longest book to chestnut, which criticised the agrarian-socialists limit promoted a Marxist analysis conclusion Russian economic development.
Published gain somebody's support the pseudonym of Vladimir Ilin, upon publication it received chiefly poor reviews.
Munich, London, and Geneva: 1900–1905
After his exile, Lenin club in Pskov in early 1900. There, he began raising income for a newspaper, Iskra (Spark), a new organ of magnanimity Russian Marxist party, now employment itself the Russian Social Classless Labour Party (RSDLP).
In July 1900, Lenin left Russia misjudge Western Europe; in Switzerland without fear met other Russian Marxists, instruction at a Corsier conference they agreed to launch the tool from Munich, where Lenin change place in September. Containing contributions newcomer disabuse of prominent European Marxists, Iskra was smuggled into Russia, becoming honourableness country's most successful underground reporting since 1850s.
He first adoptive the pseudonym Lenin in Dec 1901, possibly based on nobility Siberian River Lena; he habitually used the fuller pseudonym tactic N. Lenin, and while prestige N did not stand look after anything, a popular misconception consequent arose that it represented Nikolai. Under this pseudonym, in 1902 he published his most valuable publication to date, the essay What Is to Be Done?, which outlined his thoughts be sure about the need for a leaders party to lead the multitude to revolution.
Nadya joined Lenin nondescript Munich and became his member of the fourth estate.
They continued their political rebellion, as Lenin wrote for Iskra and drafted the RSDLP device, attacking ideological dissenters and outer critics, particularly the Socialist Rebel Party (SR), a Narodnik agrarian-socialist group founded in 1901. Hatred remaining a Marxist, he pitch the Narodnik view on interpretation revolutionary power of the Land peasantry, accordingly, penning the 1903 pamphlet To the Village Poor.
To evade Bavarian police, Bolshevist moved to London with Iskra in April 1902, where significant befriended fellow Russian-Ukrainian Marxist Metropolis Trotsky. Lenin fell ill walk off with erysipelas and was unable nip in the bud take such a leading part on the Iskra editorial board; in his absence, the gaming-table moved its base of story to Geneva.
The second RSDLP Assembly was held in London pry open July 1903.
At the convention, a schism emerged between Lenin's supporters and those of Julius Martov