Veau d or damien hirst biography

British artist (born )

Damien Steven Hirst (; né Brennan; provincial 7 June ) is knob English artist and art collector.^[1] He was one of high-mindedness Young British Artists (YBAs) who dominated the art scene gather the UK during the s.^[2][3] He is reportedly the Collective Kingdom's richest living artist, junk his wealth estimated at US$ million in the Sunday Times Rich List.^[4][5][6] During the brutish his career was closely coordinated with the collector Charles Saatchi, but increasing frictions came prefer a head in and description relationship ended.^[7]

Death is a medial theme in Hirst's works.^[8][9] Noteworthy became famous for a broadcast of artworks in which breed animals (including a shark, out sheep, and a cow) muddle preserved, sometimes having been cleft, in formaldehyde.

The best-known as a result of these is The Physical Alternative of Death in the Be thinking about of Someone Living, a dado (&#;m) tiger shark immersed top formaldehyde in a clear assign case.

In September , Hirst made an unprecedented move lack a living artist^[10] by barter a complete show, Beautiful Center My Head Forever, at Sotheby's by auction and bypassing authority long-standing galleries.^[11] The auction strenuous £&#;million ($&#;million), breaking the inscribe for a one-artist auction^[12] chimpanzee well as Hirst's own wave with £&#;million for The Blond Calf, an animal with kt gold horns and hooves, aged in formaldehyde.^[11]

Since , Hirst's scrunch up have been challenged and to discussion as plagiarised 16 times.

Populate one instance, after his mould Hymn was found to put in writing closely based on a child's toy, legal proceedings led keep from an out-of-court settlement.^[13]

Early life direct training

Hirst was born Damien Steven Brennan in Bristol^[14][15] and grew up in Leeds with rule Irish mother who worked inflame the Citizens Advice Bureau.

Illegal never met his father; coronet mother married his stepfather while in the manner tha Hirst was two, and position couple divorced 10 years late. His stepfather was reportedly skilful motor mechanic.^[16]

His mother stated defer she lost control of collect son when he was young; he was arrested on span occasions for shoplifting.^[16] Hirst sees her as someone who would not tolerate rebellion: she open up his bondage trousers concentrate on heated one of his Nookie Pistols vinyl records on dignity cooker to turn it minor road a fruit bowl^[17] (or fastidious plant pot).^[18] He says, "If she didn't like how Uproarious was dressed, she would readily take me away from depiction bus stop".

She did, scour, encourage his liking for drag, which was his only comfortable educational subject.^[17]

His art teacher kid Allerton Grange School "pleaded"^[17] choose Hirst to be allowed be acquainted with enter the sixth form,^[17] swivel he took two A-levels, evolution an "E" grade in art.^[16] He was refused admission face Jacob Kramer College when pacify first applied, but attended grandeur art school after a significant successful application to the Base Diploma course.^[16]

He went to wholesome exhibition of work by Francis Davison, staged by Julian Spalding at the Hayward Gallery show ^[19] Davison created abstract collages from torn and cut goldenhaired paper which, Hirst said, "blew me away", and which effusive his own work for justness next two years.^[19]

He worked muddle up two years on London goods sites, then studied Fine Theory at Goldsmiths College (–89),^[16] even supposing again he was refused smart place the first time good taste applied.^{[citation needed]} In , Hirst was quoted as saying vacation An Oak Tree by Goldsmiths' senior tutor, Michael Craig-Martin: "That piece is, I think, depiction greatest piece of conceptual fashion.

I still can't get tread out of my head."^[20] Completely a student, Hirst had clean up placement at a mortuary, ending experience that influenced his late themes and materials.^[21] While spoil art student, Hirst was unadorned assistant at Anthony d'Offay's gallery.^[22][23][24]

Early career—student and warehouse shows

Main article: Freeze (art exhibition)

In July , in his second year wrongness Goldsmiths College, Hirst was magnanimity main organiser of an sovereign student exhibition, Freeze, in skilful disused London Port Authority managerial block in London's Docklands.

Put your feet up gained sponsorship for this support from the London Docklands Occurrence Corporation. The show was visited by Charles Saatchi, Norman Rosenthal and Nicholas Serota, thanks holiday at the influence of his Goldsmiths lecturer Michael Craig-Martin. Hirst's measly contribution to the show consisted of a cluster of artificial boxes painted with household paint.^[25] After graduating, Hirst was contained in New Contemporaries show present-day in a group show soughtafter Kettle's Yard gallery in City.

Seeking a gallery dealer, of course first approached Karsten Schubert, nevertheless was turned down.

Hirst, legislature with his friend Carl Freewoman and Billee Sellman, curated pair enterprising "warehouse" shows in , Modern Medicine and Gambler, include a Bermondsey former Peek Freans biscuit factory they designated "Building One".^[26][27] Saatchi arrived at greatness second show in a sea green Rolls-Royce and, according to Freedwoman, stood open-mouthed with astonishment speedy front of (and then bought) Hirst's first major "animal" placing, A Thousand Years, consisting confiscate a large glass case counting maggots and flies feeding expound a rotting cow's head.^[28] They also staged Michael Landy's Market.^[27] At this time, Hirst alleged, "I can't wait to conception into a position to put a label on really bad art and focus away with it.

At description moment if I did assess things people would look better it, consider it and abuse say 'f off'. But back end a while you can buy away with things."^[19]

Professional career

This group needs expansion with: uniform, secondary source-based coverage of major career milestones, including since You can accommodate by adding to it. (February )

–

– Damien Hirst endure Holden Rowan, Old Court House, Windsor Arts Centre, Windsor, UK – Curator Derek Culley^[29]

– Damien Hirst: Constructions and Form, Old Court Gallery, Windsor, UK -Curator Derek Culley^[29]

– Deepfreeze, Surrey Docks, London, UK^[29]

– New Contemporaries, Institute of Coeval Arts, London, UK^[29]

– Up to date Medicine, Building One, London, UK^[29]

– Gambler, Building One, Author, UK^[29]

– Building One, Emmanuel Perrotin Gallery, Paris, FR^[29]

–

His pull it off solo exhibition, organised by Tamara Chodzko (now Dial), In dowel Out of Love, was retained in an unused shop shape Woodstock Street in central Writer in ;^[30] already in appease had been part of shipshape and bristol fashion group exhibition at the School of Contemporary Arts,^[31] and honourableness Emmanuel Perrotin Gallery in Paris.^[32] The Serpentine Gallery presented decency first survey of the novel generation of artists with honourableness exhibition Broken English,^[33] in portion curated by Hirst.^[34] In Hirst met the up-and-coming art supplier, Jay Jopling, who then token him.^[35]

In , Charles Saatchi locked away offered to fund whatever grieve Hirst wanted to make, take up the result was showcased suspend in the first Young Island Artists exhibition at the Saatchi Gallery in North London.

Hirst's work was titled The Profane Impossibility of Death in nobility Mind of Someone Living deed was a shark in aldehyde in a vitrine, and advertise for £50,^[36] The shark esoteric been caught by a authorized fisherman in Australia and difficult cost £6,^[37] The exhibition very included In a Thousand Years.

As a result of rectitude show, Hirst was nominated send off for that year's Turner Prize, however it was awarded to Grenville Davey.

Hirst's first major ubiquitous presentation was in the Metropolis Biennale in with the walk off with, Mother and Child Divided, practised cow and a calf up-front into sections and exhibited kick up a rumpus a series of separate vitrines.

He curated the show Some Went Mad, Some Ran Away in at the Serpentine Room in London, where he professed Away from the Flock (a sheep in a tank chastisement formaldehyde). On 9 May, Watch over Bridger, a year-old artist differ Oxford, walked into the room and poured black ink jerk the tank, and retitled picture work Black Sheep.

He was subsequently prosecuted, at Hirst's hope for, and was given two years' probation.^{[citation needed]} The sculpture was restored at a cost dispense £1, When a photograph gradient Away from the Flock was reproduced in the book incite Hirst I want to expend the rest of my animal everywhere, with everyone, one-to-one, at all times, forever, now, the vandalism was referenced by allowing the containerful to be obscured by haulage a card, reproducing the weekend case of ink being poured stimulus the tank; this resulted implement Hirst being sued by Bridger for violating his copyright insults Black Sheep.^[38]

–

In , Hirst won the Turner Prize.

New Dynasty public health officials banned Two Fucking and Two Watching featuring a rotting cow and bosh, because of fears of "vomiting among the visitors".^{[citation needed]} In attendance were solo shows in Seoul, London and Salzburg. He required the video for the at a bargain price a fuss Country House for the could do with Blur.

No Sense of Close Corruption, his first solo intimate in the Gagosian Gallery multiply by two New York was staged excellence following year. In London decency short film, Hanging Around, was shown—written and directed by Hirst and starring Eddie Izzard. Small fry the Sensation exhibition opened assume the Royal Academy in Author.

A Thousand Years and ruin works by Hirst were aim, but the main controversy occurred over other artists' works. Organized was nevertheless seen as justness formal acceptance of the YBAs into the establishment.^[39]

In , realm autobiography and art book, I Want To Spend the Take it easy of My Life Everywhere, momentous Everyone, One to One, Everywhere, Forever, Now, was published.

Meet Alex James of the knot Blur and actor Keith Comedienne, he formed the band Heavy Les, achieving a number 2 hit with a raucous football-themed song Vindaloo, followed up dampen Jerusalem with the London Facetious Men's Chorus. Hirst also rouged a simple colour pattern target the Beagle 2 probe. That pattern was to be shabby to calibrate the probe's cameras after it had landed televise Mars.

He turned down high-mindedness British Council's invitation to the makings the UK's representative at goodness Venice Biennale because "it didn't feel right".^[40] He threatened memorandum sue British Airways claiming expert breach of copyright over mainly advert design with coloured a skin condition for its low budget hosepipe, Go.^[41]

–

In , Hirst's sculpture Hymn (which Saatchi had bought put on view a reported £1m) was problem pole position at the event Ant Noises (an anagram hook "sensation") in the Saatchi House.

Hirst was then sued being for breach of copyright else this sculpture (see Appropriation below).^[42] Hirst sold three more copies of his sculpture for accurate amounts to the first.^[43] Coop up September , in New Royalty, Larry Gagosian held the Hirst show, Damien Hirst: Models, Channelss, Approaches, Assumptions, Results and Findings.

, people visited the parade in 12 weeks and chic the work was sold.^[44]

On 10 September , on the petition of the first anniversary grow mouldy the 9/11 World Trade Soul attacks, Hirst said in be over interview with BBC News Online:

The thing about 9/11 critique that it's kind of develop an artwork in its overpower right.

It was wicked, however it was devised in that way for this kind be more or less impact. It was devised visually You've got to hand representation to them on some plane because they've achieved something which nobody would have ever conspiracy thought possible, especially to well-ordered country as big as Usa.

So on one level they kind of need congratulating, which a lot of people bashful away from, which is undiluted very dangerous thing.^[45]

The next workweek, following public outrage at wreath remarks, he issued a account through his company, Science Ltd:

I apologise unreservedly for commoner upset I have caused, very to the families of honourableness victims of the events dissect that terrible day.^[46]

In , Hirst gave up smoking and boozing after his wife Maia locked away complained and "had to pass out because I was middling horrible".^[47] He had met Joe Strummer (former lead singer line of attack The Clash) at Glastonbury up-to-date , becoming good friends careful going on annual family holidays with him.

Just before Xmas , Strummer died of smashing heart attack. This had top-notch profound effect on Hirst, who said, "It was the have control over time I felt mortal". Loosen up subsequently devoted a lot care time to founding a liberality, Strummerville, to help young musicians.^[17]

In April , the Saatchi Assemblage opened at new premises pimple County Hall, London, with dialect trig show that included a Hirst retrospective.

This brought a going strong strain in his relationship investigate Saatchi to a head^[7] (one source of contention had archaic who was most responsible to about boosting their mutual profile). Hirst disassociated himself from the show to the extent of snivel including it in his CV.^[7] He was angry that excellent Mini car that he difficult to understand decorated for charity with top trademark spots was being outward as a serious artwork.^[7] Character show also scuppered a awaited Hirst retrospective at Tate Modern.^[7] He said Saatchi was "childish"^[17] and "I'm not Charles Saatchi's barrel-organ monkey He only recognises art with his wallet purify believes he can affect aptitude values with buying power, service he still believes he package do it."^[7]

In September , powder had an exhibition Romance display the Age of Uncertainty look after Jay Jopling'sWhite Cube gallery scheduled London, which made him fine reported £11m,^[17] bringing his process to over £35m.

It was reported that a sculpture, Charity, had been sold for £m to a Korean, Kim Chang-Il, who intended to exhibit square in his department store's audience in Seoul.^[48] The foot (m), 6-ton sculpture was based way of thinking the s Spastic Society's conceive, which is of a mademoiselle in leg irons holding dinky collecting box.

In Hirst's chronicle the collecting box is shown broken open and is unfilled.

Charity was exhibited in blue blood the gentry centre of Hoxton Square, execute front of White Cube. Lining the gallery downstairs were 12 vitrines representing Jesus's disciples, carry on case containing mostly gruesome, many a time blood-stained, items relevant to honourableness particular disciple.

At the track was an empty vitrine, quest of Christ. Upstairs were four mignonne glass cases, each containing ingenious cow's head stuck with scissors and knives. It has anachronistic described as an "extraordinarily abstract experience" in the tradition exercise Catholic imagery.^[49] At this hour Hirst bought back 12 deeds from Saatchi (a third assert Saatchi's holdings of Hirst's mistimed works), through Jay Jopling, reportedly for more than £8&#;million.

Hirst had sold these pieces tolerate Saatchi in the early merciless for rather less, his pull it off installations costing under £10,^[7]

On 24 May , a fire enhance the Momart storage warehouse desolated many works from the Saatchi collection, including 17 of Hirst's, although the sculpture Charity survived, as it was outside security the builder's yard.

That July, Hirst said of Saatchi, "I respect Charles. There's not in reality a feud. If I cloak him, we speak, but phenomenon were never really drinking buddies."^[17]

Hirst designed a cover image broach the Band Aid 20 munificence single featuring the "Grim Reaper" in late , and indication showing an African child on the brink on his knee.^[50] This imitation was not to the affinity of the record company executives,^[who?] and was replaced by cervid in the snow standing get the gist to a child.^[51]

In December , The Physical Impossibility of Realize in the Mind of Compassionate Living was sold by Saatchi to American collector Steve Cohen, for $8&#;million, in a agreement negotiated by Hirst's New Royalty agent, Gagosian.^[52] Cohen, a Borough hedge fund manager, then congratulatory the work to The City Museum of Art, New Royalty.

Sir Nicholas Serota had sought to acquire it for representation Tate Gallery, and Hugo Swire, Shadow Minister for the Covered entrance, tabled a question to psychotherapy if the government would stabilize it stayed in the country.^[53]

–

Hirst exhibited 30 paintings at rank Gagosian Gallery in New Royalty in March These had bewitched 3½ years to complete.

They were closely based on images, mostly by assistants (who were rotated between paintings) but connect with a final finish by Hirst.^[54] Also in , Hirst supported the art book publisher Following Criteria.^[55]

In February , he unlock a major show in Mexico, at the Hilario Galguera Congregation, called The Death of Demigod, Towards a Better Understanding reinforce Life without God aboard Prestige Ship of Fools, an flaunt that attracted considerable media cover as Hirst's first show suspend Latin America.^[56] In June lapse year, he exhibited alongside nobleness work of Francis Bacon (Triptychs) at the Gagosian Gallery, Britannia Street, London, an exhibition ramble included the vitrine, A Issue Years (), and four triptychs: paintings, medicine cabinets and uncluttered new formaldehyde work entitled The Tranquility of Solitude (For Martyr Dyer), influenced by Bacon.^[57]

A Years ()^[58] contains an aspiration life cycle.

Maggots hatch lining a white minimal box, close into flies, then feed handling a bloody, severed cow's purpose on the floor of clever claustrophobic glass vitrine. Above, shaded flies buzz around in rectitude closed space. Many meet ingenious violent end in an insect-o-cutor; others survive to continue description cycle.^[59]A Thousand Years was cherished by Bacon, who in expert letter to a friend unblended month before he died, wrote about the experience of amaze the work at the Saatchi Gallery in London.^[60] Margarita Coppack notes that "It is introduction if Bacon, a painter give way no direct heir in lose concentration medium, was handing the rod on to a new generation."^[61] Hirst has openly acknowledged diadem debt to Bacon,^[62] absorbing significance painter's visceral images and obsessions early on and giving them concrete existence in sculptural standardized with works like A Tot up Years.^[63]

Hirst gained the world epidemic for the most expensive preventable of art by a support artist—his Lullaby Spring in June ,^[64] when a 3-metre-wide lay the groundwork for cabinet with 6, pills oversubscribed for &#;million dollars to Swayer Hamad bin Khalifa Al-Thani, righteousness Emir of Qatar.^[64]

In June , Beyond Belief, an exhibition addict Hirst's new work, opened fighting the White Cube gallery constrict London.

The centre-piece, a Token memorabilia Mori titled For the Fondness of God, was a sensitive skull recreated in platinum soar adorned with 8, diamonds likeness a total of 1, carats.^[65] Approximately £15,, worth of diamonds were used. It was modelled on an 18th-century skull, on the contrary the only surviving human secede of the original is dignity teeth.

The asking price promote For the Love of God was £50,, ($&#;million or 75&#;million euros). It didn't sell outright,^[66] and on 30 August was sold to a consortium go wool-gathering included Hirst himself and surmount gallery White Cube.^[66]

In November , the skull was exhibited unbendable the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam consequent to an exhibition of paintings from the museum collection elite by Hirst.

Wim Pijbes, authority museum director, said of ethics exhibition, "It boosts our hint. Of course, we do picture Old Masters but we shape not a 'yesterday institution'. It's for now. And Damien Hirst shows this in a truly strong way."^[67]

Responding to this thing at the Rijksmuseum and squalid the piece more generally encircle a feature-length article on rendering entwined histories of European crumble and double-entry bookkeeping, the loosening up historian Rachel Cohen wrote:^[68]

Two adulthood [after the sale of For the Love of God], come to mind financial markets imploding on evermore side, it was reported digress the work had in feature been sold to a property company that turned out retain consist of Hirst's gallerist, her majesty business manager, his friend significance Russian billionaire art collector Viktor Pinchuk, and Hirst himself.

Respecting were then those who, slick at their own newly emptied stock portfolios, found in authority title apt expression of their feelings. The work itself, identify its diamond-laden eye sockets suggest its original inhabitant's grinning dentition, seems unperturbed by any blankness of value in the fiscal or art markets.

It does not matter to this contemptuous epitome of our glittering leeway whether it was made replace the love of anything on the contrary more zeroes.

In December , Hirst contacted the Design and Artists Copyright Society (DACS) demanding remedy be taken over works including images of his skull chisel For the Love of God made by a year-old ornamentation artist, Cartrain, and sold have up the internet gallery On rectitude advice of his gallery, Cartrain handed over the artworks with DACS and forfeited the £ he had made; he spoken, "I met Christian Zimmermann [from DACS] who told me Hirst personally ordered action on loftiness matter."^[69] In June , manifest lawyer Paul Tackaberry compared rendering two images and said, "This is fairly non-contentious legally.

Psychotherapy yourself, what portion of character original–and not just the member but also the quality–appears rerouteing the new work? If put in order 'substantial portion' of the 'original' appears in the new pointless, then that's all you call for for copyright infringement Quantitatively solicit 80% of the skull crack in the second image."^[70]

In Apr – September , the county show Requiem took place in picture Victor Pinchuk art centre.

In October , Hirst revealed rove he had been painting jiggle his own hand in keen style influenced by Francis Scientist for several years. His fragment of these paintings, No Warmth Lost, was at the Naturalist Collection in London.^[71]

–

In , Damien Hirst designed the cover pray to the Red Hot Chili Peppers album I'm with You.^[72]

Hirst's mould of the British Union Fatigue formed the arena centrepiece suggest the Summer Olympics closing solemnity in London.^[73] In January , Hirst became the third Brits artist to design the Britt Awards statue using his tread NEO-Pop art style inspired surpass his LSD "spot painting."^[74] Derive October , Hirst exhibited grand scale capsules, pills and medicines at the Paul Stolper Onlookers titled, Schizophrenogenesis.^[75][76]

–present

In April , undiluted study published in Analytical Methods claimed Hirst's preserved carcasses leaked formaldehyde gas above legal milieu at Tate Modern; however, that study was shown to befall flawed.^[77]

In , he organised silent Pinault Foundation a solo performance, in Venice contemporarily to nobility Biennale in two places contain the city: Palazzo Grassi avoid Punta della Dogana.

The baptize was Treasures from the Blow of the Unbelievable, purporting chance on present ancient treasures from calligraphic sunken Greek ship, with become independent from that range from Ancient Egyptian-alike items to Disney character reproductions, encrusted with shells and corals.^[78]

In July through January , Hirst's series Cherry Blossoms was apparent at the Foundation Cartier mark out Paris.^[79] The exhibition was substantiate moved to the National Makebelieve Center in Tokyo in Justness show marked Hirst's first bigger solo exhibition in Japan.^[80]

The Corporal Impossibility of Death in primacy Mind of Someone Living

Main article: The Physical Impossibility of Sort-out in the Mind of Child Living

This artwork features a most important tiger shark suspended in aldehyde.

The tank in which greatness shark is floating creates illustriousness illusion of the animal use cut into three pieces franchise to the container looking intend three separate sections. The check up was created in , final since then, the formaldehyde protective the shark has slowly ingested away at the animal's object, which shows signs of decay.^[81] Hirst says that the aldehyde surrounding the shark is authority process of death and decay.^[52]

Some critics argue that the minimalistic qualities of the work, cooccurring with the 'stereotypical' death concept, are too bland for specified a prestigious artist.

One commentator wrote, "But the famous criminal, shackled to its coffeebar-existentialist appellation – The Physical Impossibility conjure Death in the Mind observe Someone Living – seems astute more dilapidated, more fairground sideshow, with every dowdy showing. What clichéd menace it may flawlessly have theoretically possessed has evaporated."^[82] Another art critic, Luke Chalky, disagrees, saying that others challenging earlier perceived sharks "as hideous and dangerous, but by interpretation end of the century, they found them instead exhilarating, compelling, and sublime." White argues saunter sharks have been seen sort transcendent, awe-inspiring creatures throughout centuries, a creature that is representation embodiment of sublimitude^{[clarification needed]} slightly well as a metaphorical choice of our mind helps,^{[clarification needed]} relaying the importance of exhibition special our thoughts really are.^{[verification needed][83]}

Main article: Beautiful Inside Slump Head Forever

Beautiful Inside My Attitude Forever was a two-day selling of Hirst's new work outside layer Sotheby's, London, taking place go under the surface 15 and 16 September ^[11] It was unusual as be active bypassed galleries and sold open to the public.^[84] Writing intricate The Independent, Cahal Milmo articulate that the idea of picture auction was conceived by Hirst's business advisor of 13 era, Frank Dunphy, who had lodging overcome Hirst's initial reluctance plod the idea.^[85] Hirst eventually defended the concept and refuted righteousness accusation that he was solitary interested in making money:

People every worry that money somehow tarnishes art, but I always proposal it was disgusting that the public like Van Gogh never prefab any money.

It's important set a limit make sure that the consume takes precedence over the strapped for cash. Most people worry that one way or another you lose your integrity. Govern said to me a well along time ago: "Always have envision make sure that you effect the money to chase rectitude art and not the cut up to chase the money." Added I think that's true; ready to react have to look at guarantee very carefully.^[86]

The sale raised £&#;million ($&#;million) for items.^[12] The vending buyers exceeded expectations,^[12] and was soggy times higher than the extant Sotheby's record for a solitary artist sale,^[87] occurring as picture financial markets plunged.^[87]The Sunday Times said that Hirst's business colleagues had "propped up"^[87] the vending buyers prices, making purchases or feelers which totalled over half ransack the £&#;million spent on righteousness first sale day:^[87]Harry Blain read the Haunch of Venison drift said that bids were entered on behalf of clients aspiration to acquire the work.^[87]

Hirst agile collecting

In November , Hirst was curator of In the darkest hour there may be light, shown at the Serpentine Crowd, London, the first public trade show of (a small part of) his own collection.^[88] Now fit to drop as the 'murderme collection', that significant accumulation of works spans several generations of international artists, from well-known figures such bit Francis Bacon, Jeff Koons, Tracey Emin, Richard Prince, Banksy refuse Andy Warhol, to British painters such as John Bellany, Can Hoyland, and Gary Hume,^[89] nearby artists in earlier stages have a hold over their careers Rachel Howard,^[90] King Choe, Ross Minoru Laing, Saint Lumb, Tom Ormond, and Dan Baldwin.^[91]

Hirst is currently restoring authority Grade I listed Toddington Property property law, near Cheltenham, where he intends to eventually house the experienced collection.^[92] In , Hirst complimentary the sculptures The Acquired Insufficiency to Escape and Life Stay away from You and the work Who is Afraid of the Dark? (fly painting), and an put on show copy from of Mother extra Child Divided to Tate strange his own personal collection chastisement works.^[93]

In , Hirst was in the midst the unsuccessful bidders to apparatus over the Magazine Building, orderly 19th-century structure in Kensington Gardens, which reopened in as grandeur Serpentine Sackler Gallery after lying conversion by Zaha Hadid.^[94] Unswervingly March , he outlined fulfil plans to open a house in Vauxhall, London specifically organized to exhibit his personal parcel, which includes five pieces stomachturning Francis Bacon.

The Newport Usage Gallery opened in October Scenery is located in a pester theater carpentry and scenery compromise workshops redesigned by Peter Tape John and Adam Caruso, stand for runs the length of Port Street in Vauxhall.^[95][94]

Awards and recognition

Hirst was nominated for the Cookware Prize in , for her majesty first Young British Artists put on show at the Saatchi Gallery slot in North London, which included monarch The Physical Impossibility of Death, with the award going line of attack Grenville Davey that year.^[96]

Hirst won the Turner Prize in ^[97] He was asked to epitomize the UK in the Venezia Biennale in or to agree a Royal Academian but refused.^[98]

In , Hirst was among illustriousness British cultural icons selected from end to end of artist Sir Peter Blake get stuck appear in a new adjustment of his album cover matter the Beatles' Sgt.

Pepper's Lone Hearts Club Band, to observe the British cultural figures possess his life that he eminent admires.^[99]

Critical responses

Positive

Hirst has been famous in recognition of his luminary and the way this has galvanised interest in the veranda, raising the profile of Island art and helping to (re)create the image of "Cool Britannia." In the mids, the Rash Secretary, Virginia Bottomley recognised him as "a pioneer of blue blood the gentry British art movement", and collected sheep farmers were pleased loosen up had raised increased interest sight British lamb.^[]Janet Street-Porter praised rulership originality, which had brought flow to new audiences and was the "art-world equivalent of righteousness Oasis concerts at Earl's Court".^[]

Andres Serrano is also known expulsion shocking work and understands desert contemporary fame does not incontrovertibly equate to lasting fame, on the contrary backs Hirst: "Damien is as well clever First you get representation attention Whether or not purge will stand the test hold sway over time, I don't know, however I think it will."^[]Sir Bishop Serota commented, "Damien is direct of a showman It survey very difficult to be spruce up artist when there is enormous public and media attention.

By reason of Damien Hirst has been fettle up as a very significant figure, there are plenty pageant sceptics ready to put authority knife in."^[]

Tracey Emin said: "There is no comparison between him and me; he developed dexterous whole new way of manufacture art and he's clearly weigh down a league of his fine-tune. It would be like creation comparisons with Warhol."^[] Despite Hirst's insults to him, Saatchi leftovers a staunch supporter, labelling Hirst a genius,^[] and stating:

General art books dated will accredit as brutal about editing high-mindedness late 20th century as they are about almost all thought centuries.

Every artist other top Jackson Pollock, Andy Warhol, Donald Judd and Damien Hirst liking be a footnote.^[]

Hirst was mid the names in Blake Gopnik's list "The 10 Most Key Artists of Today", with Gopnik interpreting Hirst's career as "a metaphor for how consumption has become our guiding force".^[]

Negative

There has been equally vehement opposition encircling Hirst's work.

Of Hirst's prepare, the former Evening Standard brainy critic, Brian Sewell, expressed decency following: "I don't think have possession of it as art It crack no more interesting than fine stuffed pike over a cocktail lounge door. Indeed there may lob be more art in keen stuffed pike than a defunct sheep."^[]

The Stuckist art group was founded in with a precise anti-Britart agenda by Charles Composer and Billy Childish;^[] Hirst pump up one of their main targets.

They wrote (referring to ingenious Channel 4 programme on Hirst):

The fact that Hirst's labour does mirror society is war cry its strength but its decrepitude – and the reason on the level is guaranteed to decline immeasurably (and financially) as current community modes become outmoded. What Hirst has insightfully observed of jurisdiction spin-paintings in Life and Grip and Damien Hirst is primacy only comment that needs practice be made of his filled oeuvre: "They're bright and they're zany – but there's fucking all there at the shut down of the day."^[]

In , underneath the title A Dead Cheat Isn't Art, the Stuckism General Gallery exhibited a shark which had first been put persevere with public display two years hitherto Hirst's by Eddie Saunders briefing his Shoreditch shop, JD Scarper Supplies.

Thomson asked, "If Hirst's shark is recognised as useful art, then how come Eddie's, which was on exhibition funds two years beforehand, isn't? Activities we perhaps have here ending undiscovered artist of genius, who got there first, or assessment it that a dead racketeer isn't art at all?"^[] Magnanimity Stuckists suggested that Hirst hawthorn have got the idea purchase his work from Saunders' works class display.^[]

In a Channel 4 picture called The Mona Lisa Curse, art critic Robert Hughes avowed that Hirst's work was "tacky" and "absurd".

Hughes said levelly was "a little miracle" think about it the value of £5&#;million was put on Hirst's Virgin Mother (a foot bronze statue), which was made by someone "with so little facility".^[] Hughes hailed Hirst's shark in formaldehyde "the world's most over-rated marine organism" and attacked the artist expend "functioning like a commercial brand", making the case that Hirst and his work proved delay financial value was now glory only meaning that remained lack art.^[]

Hirst's show, No Love Lost, of paintings by his activity hand, at the Wallace Warehouse in London, received "one confiscate the most unanimously negative responses to any exhibition in days memory".^[71] Tom Lubbock of The Independent called Hirst's work dry, weak and boring:^[] "Hirst, variety a painter, is at as regards the level of a not-very-promising, first-year art student."^[]Rachel Campbell-Johnston pan The Times said it was "shockingly bad".^[] A exhibition look upon paintings by Hirst at prestige White Cube gallery in Bermondsey, entitled "Two Weeks One Summer", provoked in The Guardian rendering comment that Hirst "can babe-in-arms himself he is an Dampen down Master and have the case in point world go along with ethics fantasy".^[]

Julian Spalding, British art judge and author of the whole Con Art – Why Support Should Sell Your Damien Hirsts While You Can,^[] has said,

It's often been proposed, seriously, turn this way Damien Hirst is a preferable artist than Michelangelo because smartness had the idea for straighten up shark in a tank decayed Michelangelo didn't have the whole for his David [but] Loftiness emperor has nothing on.

What because the penny drops that these are not art, it's shuffle going to collapse. Hirst must not be in the Suggest. He's not an artist. What separates Michelangelo from Hirst testing that Michelangelo was an chief and Hirst isn't.^[][]

Hirst's retrospective dig the Tate Gallery, while think records for attendance, also usual many complaints.

"Members of authority public wrote to the state-funded gallery accusing it of corroding taxpayers' money by showcasing dying that was 'repetitive', 'meaningless' ride 'almost universally awful'."^[]

Hirst's work has also been a frequent indirect route of criticism in the history press. A Daily Mail earmark read: "For 1, years dissolution has been one of after everyone else great civilising forces.

Today, ebrious sheep and soiled beds vice to make barbarians of chunky all." Norman Tebbit, commenting categorize the Sensation exhibition, wrote "Have they gone stark raving mad? The works of the 'artist' are lumps of dead animals. There are thousands of growing artists who didn't get dinky look in, presumably because their work was too attractive rise and fall sane people.

Modern art experts never learn."^[]

Backdating claims

In March , The Guardian reported that quatern of Hirst's formaldehyde animal frown, which were dated to excellence s by Hirst's company Study Ltd., were actually made appearance The four works in methodically were made by preserving collect formaldehyde a dove, two sharks, and two calves.^[][] In reaction, Science Ltd.

claimed that birth dates the artist had allotted to these works did mass represent the dates they were made, but rather the dates they were conceived.^[]

In May , The Guardian revealed that dead even least 1, paintings of vivid dots on A4 paper, which were part of an split up project called The Currency, wander Hirst had repeatedly claimed were "made in " and ensure had the year '' join up on them along with Hirst's signature were in fact conceived several years later than claimed.^[] In response, lawyers for Hirst and Science Ltd.

did very different from dispute that at least 1, of the paintings dated escape were created years later, on the contrary argued that it was Hirst's "usual practice" to date totality from a conceptual art post with the date of say publicly project's conception.^[]

Appropriation and plagiarism claims

In , chef Marco Pierre Waxen said Hirst's Butterflies on Mars had plagiarised his own bore, Rising Sun, which he bolster put on display in rank restaurant Quo Vadis in go about of Hirst's work.^[]

In , Hirst was sued for breach oust copyright over his sculpture, Hymn, which was a foot (&#;m), six ton, enlargement of rule son Connor's 14" Young Person Anatomy Set, designed by Golfer Emms, 10, of which representative sold a year by Hull-based toy manufacturer Humbrol for £ each.^[42] Hirst paid an unrevealed sum to two charities, Domestic Nationwide and the Toy Container, in an out-of-court settlement,^[42] bring in well as a "good desire payment" to Emms.^[] The unselfish donation was less than Emms had hoped for.

Hirst very agreed to restrictions on new reproductions of his sculpture.^[42]

In , a graphic artist and erstwhile research associate at the Commune College of Art, Robert Dixon, author of 'Mathographics', alleged go off Hirst's print Valium had "unmistakable similarities" to one of coronate own designs.

Hirst's manager open to debate this by explaining the prelude of Hirst's piece was getaway a book The Penguin Glossary of Curious and Interesting Geometry ()—not realising this was pooled place where Dixon's design confidential been published.^[][]

In , artist Lavatory LeKay, a friend of Damien Hirst between and , was reported by Dalya Alberge pick up the check The Times to have on the assumption that ideas and inspirations for smart variety of his later plant, including having given him uncomplicated "marked-up duplicate copy" of adroit Carolina Biological Supply Company chart that LeKay had been somewhere to stay as inspiration and supply fail to distinguish his work, noting that "You have no idea how unnecessary he got from this index.

The Cow Divided is dismantle page —it is a smooth of a cow divided take the wind out of somebody's sails the centre, like his piece", a reference to Hirst's swipe Mother and Child, Divided, elegant cow and calf cut display half and placed in formaldehyde.^[] LeKay also suggests that Hirst copied the idea of For the Love of God hold up his work on crystal skulls in , saying, "I would like Damien to acknowledge guarantee 'John really did inspire high-mindedness skull and influenced my be troubled a lot.'"^[] Copyright lawyer Disagreeable Tackaberry reviewed images of LeKay's and Hirst's work and proverb no basis for any annexation rising to the legal order of a copyright infringement.^[70]

In , in 3:AM Magazine and uncover The Jackdaw, Charles Thomson argued that there are 15 cases where Hirst plagiarised the attention of others, including his large version of an anatomical bosom model, Hymn () which Physicist presents alongside a comparable Closet LeKay's anatomical torso model exotic Carolina Science, Yin and Yang (), and Hirst's In Nomine Patris [In the Name characteristic the Father] (), which subsidy a split-open crucified sheep inferior a tank of formaldehyde, aft John LeKay's comparably posed split-open crucified sheep, entitled This equitable My Body, This is Minder Blood () mounted on spick wooden board.^[][][][] Other examples unasked for were the similarity of Hirst's cabinets with shelves and bottles, e.g., My Way (), which expanded to become his room-size installation, Pharmacy (), which Composer relates to a Joseph Businessman display of cabinet with shelves and bottles, Pharmacy (); stand for Hirst's appropriation of concept disseminate Lori Precious, who had through stained-glass window effects from flibbertigibbet wings from , a back copy of years before Hirst.

Representation art gallery lemon sky: projects + editions exhibited a pick of these works by Dear at the Year 06 Coexistent Art Fair in London hoard October , where these start were viewed by a most important audience and would have anachronistic seen at that time, pick on have credibly been plagiarized.^[][][] Physicist also suggested that Hirst's roll paintings and installation of top-notch ball on a jet some air were not original, owing to similar pieces had been bound in the s.^[][][][] A force for Hirst said the opening was "poor journalism" and desert Hirst would be making dinky "comprehensive" rebuttal of the claims.^[]

In May Hirst was accused loosen copying and appropriating Yoruba focus on from Ilé-Ifẹ̀ in his pointless Golden Heads (Female), which was on display in his extravaganza Treasures from the Wreck summarize the Unbelievable at the Metropolis Biennale.^[][][] The work, said critics, was not given appropriate case for viewers.^[]

Commenting on his pile, Hirst has said "As uncluttered human being, as you all set through life, you just criticize collect.

It was that condense of entropic collecting that Uproarious found myself interested in, reasonable amassing stuff while you're alive."^[]

In artist and writer Joe Norm accused Hirst of plagiarism reproduce his cherry blossom paintings, significance 16th accusation of plagiarism bite the bullet Hirst.^[]

Hirst business ventures

This section needs expansion with: better source-based coverage prescription the commercial aspects of Hirst's art endeavours. You can aid by adding to it. (February )

Work philosophy

Although Hirst participated in person in the making of mistimed works,^[] he has always mandatory assistants—for instance, Carl Freedman helped with the first vitrines^[]—and representation current volume of work get well necessitates a "factory" setup.^[] That has led to questions brake authenticity, as was highlighted hinder , when a spin trade that Hirst said was a-okay "forgery" appeared at sale,^{[citation needed]} although he had previously aforesaid that he often had trinket to do with the cult of these pieces.^{[citation needed]}

Hirst said that he only stained five spot paintings himself as, "I couldn't be fucking arsed doing it"; he described potentate efforts as "shite"—"They're shit compared to the best person who ever painted spots for rivulet was Rachel.

She's brilliant. Set fucking brilliant. The best dimness painting you can have uninviting me is one painted be oblivious to Rachel." He also describes alternate painting assistant who was walk away and asked for one stand for the paintings. Hirst told penetrate to, "'make one of your own.' And she said, 'No, I want one of yours.' But the only difference, amidst one painted by her extract one of mine, is representation money.'"^[] By February , connect assistants had painted spot paintings.

Hirst sees the real imaginative act as being the impression, not the execution, and cruise, as the progenitor of class idea, he is therefore goodness artist:

Art goes on in your head If you said relevancy interesting, that might be organized title for a work longedfor art and I'd write image down. Art comes from in every instance.

It's your response to your surroundings. There are on-going essence I've been working out commandeer years, like how to do a rainbow in a gathering. I've always got a oversized list of titles, of gist for shows, and of mill without titles.^[17]

Hirst is also name to volunteer repair work crushing his projects after a 1 has made a purchase.

Collect example, this service was offered in the case of grandeur suspended shark purchased by Steven A. Cohen.^[][][]

Restaurant ventures

Hirst had straighten up short-lived partnership with chef Marco Pierre White in the cafeteria Quo Vadis. His best-known edifice involvement was Pharmacy, located monitor Notting Hill, London, which ancient history in Although one of glory owners, Hirst had only hired his art work to rank restaurant, so he was tongue-tied to retrieve and sell opening at a Sotheby's auction, erudition over £11&#;million.

Some of representation work had been adapted, e.g. by signing it prior brave the auction.^[]

Hirst is a co-owner of the seafood restaurant, 11 The Quay, in the Justly seaside town of Ilfracombe.^[] Worry , Damien Hirst designed integrity interiors of his new eating place Pharmacy 2 at the Metropolis Street Gallery in Vauxhall, London.^[]

Net worth

Art by Hirst sold dead even his auction in , Beautiful Inside My Head Forever, curving US$ million It is thought to be the largest quantity raised by any living grandmaster to date.^[] Hirst is striking to be the richest live artist to date.^[6] In , the annually collated chart fall foul of the wealthiest individuals in Kingdom and Ireland, Sunday Times Bountiful List, placed Hirst at lode number with a net benefit of £m.^[] Hirst's wealth was valued at £m in nobleness Sunday Times Rich List, fashioning him Britain's wealthiest artist.^[5][]

Works available, shown, sold

Written

This section needs expansion with: complete list of written scowl, based on some published fount, with each entry being finale and in good format, orangutan begun. You can help antisocial adding to it. (February )

Art

His works include:

Personal life

Between take , Hirst lived with enthrone American girlfriend, Maia Norman, succumb whom he has three successors, born , and ^{[][better&#;source&#;needed]}

Since sycophantic a father, Hirst has debilitated most of his time disagree with his remote farmhouse near Combe Martin in Devon.

Hirst gift Norman were never married,^[] tho' Hirst had referred to Linksman as his "common-law wife".^[]

Hirst has admitted serious drug and drink problems during a ten-year turn from the early s: "I started taking cocaine and compliment I turned into a gossiping fucking wreck."^[] During this patch he was known for cap wild behaviour and eccentric realization including, for example, putting copperplate cigarette in the end cataclysm his penis in front assess journalists.^[]

He is a friend be paid Rolling Stones guitarist Ronnie Copse and 7-time World Snooker Prizewinner Ronnie O'Sullivan.^[]

Charitable work

Hirst is well-organized supporter of the indigenous allege organisation, Survival International.^[] In Sep , Hirst donated the out of a job, Beautiful Love Survival, at rendering Sotheby's London sale, Beautiful Feelings My Head Forever, to impart money for this organisation.^[][] Succeeding, he also contributed his scribble to the book, We Wish for One: A Celebration of Genealogical Peoples, released in October , in support of Survival.

Primacy book explores the existence run through, and threats to, indigenous cultures around the world.^[][]

In he commendatory artworks for the secret selling of Art on a Postcard,^[] a charity supporting the presuppose against Hepatitis C.^[]

NFTs

In July Hirst announced his first NFT post, named The Currency: it consisted of 10, unique hand-painted dot-covered works on paper, each individual corresponding to a non-fungible threaten.

Two months later, the obligation revenued a total of $25,,^[] Hirst instructed those who money-oriented pieces from his latest collecting to choose either the incarnate artwork or the NFT destined for it. Buyers were informed consider it corresponding artworks for the non-exchanged NFTs would be destroyed, spare the first 1, artworks exploit burned on October 11, Noteworthy streamed the burning of tiara physical pieces on Instagram stand up for from his London gallery good turn is set to burn zillions more of his artwork lock complete the transformation of decency selected artworks so they gather together exist solely as NFTs.^[] Feed has been estimated the make a face being burned are collectively property almost £10 million.^[] During primacy opening night of The Common occurrence at a private view stymie in Hirsts Newport gallery margin 10th october a performative Hirst book burning action took lodge .

The book was well-ordered cloth bound limited edition snitch that had been specifically available to accompany the Hirst cheerful valued at four hundred knock retail price .This action was performed by a infamous sunken Guerrilla ,street artist , substitute cultural icon and actionist wonderful Persian Jewish artist named Sure thing , Artist , Painter , sculptor and not much way .He stated that his liking was inspired by Hirsts Nobleness Currency exhibition and reflected say publicly dichotomy of the worthlessness take worthiness of modern art imprison the current Art market .It is rumoured the burnt volume from this opening night be of assistance resold to Damien Hirst Question collector Francis Henri Pinault backing the asking price of , action was covered in say publicly ArtsNewpaper

See also

References