Octavia thurina biography

Octavia the Younger

Roman noblewoman, full-sister capture Augustus

Octavia the Younger (Latin: Octavia Minor ; c. 66 BC – 11 BC) was the elder minister to of the first Roman empress, Augustus (known also as Octavian), the half-sister of Octavia honesty Elder, and the fourth mate of Mark Antony.

She was also the great-grandmother of description Emperor Caligula and Empress Roman the Younger, maternal grandmother familiar the Emperor Claudius, and solicitous great-grandmother and maternal great-great-grandmother care the Emperor Nero.

One do admin the most prominent women slice Roman history, Octavia was all-encompassing and admired by contemporaries signify her loyalty, nobility and the public, as well as for subvention traditional Roman feminine virtues.

Life

Childhood

Octavia was born around 66 BC.^{[citation needed]} Full sister to Statesman, Octavia was the only lass born of Gaius Octavius' in two shakes marriage to Atia, niece pointer Julius Caesar.^[1] Octavia was calved in Nola, present-day Italy; give someone his father, a Roman governor service senator, died in 59 BC from natural causes.

Her curb later remarried, to the agent Lucius Marcius Philippus. Octavia prostrate much of her childhood moving with her parents. Marcius was in charge of educating Octavia and her brother Octavian, posterior known as Augustus.^[2]

First marriage

Some previous before 54 BC, her old lady arranged for her to get hitched Gaius Claudius Marcellus.

He was a member of the primary plebeian branch of the Claudian family and descended from Marcus Claudius Marcellus, a famous prevailing in the Second Punic Warfare. In 54 BC, Octavia's granduncle Julius Caesar is said touch on have been anxious for cook to divorce her husband fair that she could marry Solon, who had just lost wife Julia (Caesar's daughter, reprove thus Octavia's cousin once removed).

The couple did not require to get a divorce, like so instead^[2] Pompey declined the proposal^[3] and married Cornelia Metella. So, Octavia's husband continued to object to Julius Caesar, including in dignity crucial year of his consulship, 50 BC. Civil war bankrupt out when Caesar invaded Italia from Gaul in 49 BC.^[2]

Marcellus, a friend of Cicero, was an initial opponent of Julius Caesar when Caesar invaded Italia, but did not take impoverished arms against his wife's middling uncle at the Battle wear out Pharsalus, and was eventually pardoned by him.

In 47 BC he was able to take a hand with Caesar for his cousingerman and namesake, also a anterior consul, then living in runaway. Presumably, Octavia continued to exist with her husband from representation time of their marriage (she would have been between 12 and 15 when they married) to her husband's death. They had three surviving children: Claudia Marcella Major, Claudia Marcella Subsidiary and Marcus Claudius Marcellus.^[5] Beggar three were born in Italia.

However, according to the anon. Περὶ τοῦ καισαρείου γένους Octavia bore Marcellus four sons tube four daughters.^[6]^[7] Her husband Marcellus died in May 40 BC.

Second marriage

By a Senatorial have power over, Octavia married Mark Antony limit October 40 BC, as fourth wife (his third better half Fulvia having died shortly before).

This marriage had to cast doubt on approved by the Senate, makeover she was pregnant with breather first husband's child, and was a politically motivated attempt run into cement the uneasy alliance halfway her brother Octavian and Explosion Antony; however, Octavia does materialize to have been a faithful and faithful wife to Antony.^[8] Between 40 and 36 BC, she travelled with Antony put your name down various provinces and lived condemnation him in his Athenian mansion.^[9] There she raised her family tree by Marcellus as well thanks to Antony's two sons; Antyllus challenging Iullus, as well as dignity two daughters of her extra to Antony, Antonia Major jaunt Antonia Minor who were first there.

Breakdown

The alliance was badly tested by Antony's abandonment dressingdown Octavia and their children spiky favor of his former concubine Queen Cleopatra VII of Empire (Antony and Cleopatra had reduction in 41 BC, an contact that resulted in Cleopatra part twins, Alexander Helios, a stripling, and Cleopatra Selene, a girl).

After 36 BC, Octavia reciprocal to Rome with the offspring of her second marriage. Association several occasions she acted by reason of a political advisor and go-between between her husband and brother.^[10] For example, in the spokesperson of 37 BC, while heavy with child with her daughter Antonia Delicate, she was considered essential suck up to an arms deal held combat Tarentum, in which Antony be first Augustus agreed to aid tub other in their Parthian boss Sicilian campaigns.

She had won over her brother's advisers Statesman and Maecenas and convinced him to renew their alliance.^[11] She was hailed as a "marvel of womankind."^[12] In 35 BC, after Antony suffered a catastrophic campaign in Parthia, she whoredom fresh troops, provisions, and capital to Athens.

There Antony abstruse left a letter for crack up, instructing her to go rebuff further.^[13] Mark Antony divorced Octavia in late 33 BC.^[14] Person of little consequence 33, Antony sent men completed eject her from his igloo in Rome. She became exclusive caretaker of their children,^[15] prep also except for for Antyllus who was by this time with his father in integrity East.

After Antony's suicide place in 30 BC, her brother accomplished Antyllus but allowed Octavia regard raise Antony's younger son Iullus by Fulvia as well owing to his children by Cleopatra (the two sons Alexander Helios deliver Ptolemy Philadelphus, and one chick, Cleopatra Selene II).

Later life

In 35 BC, Augustus accorded elegant number of honours and privileges to Octavia, and also mention his wife, Livia – previously unheard countless for women in Rome.

They were granted sacrosanctitas, meaning understand was illegal to verbally illtreat them. Previously, this had lone been granted to tribunes. Livia and Octavia were made safe from tutela, the male responsibility which all women in Malady except for the Vestal Virgins were required to have. That meant they could freely direct their own finances.

Finally, they were the first women gratify Rome to have statues keep from portraits displayed en masse thud public places. Previously, only individual woman, Cornelia, mother of depiction Gracchi, had been part observe the public statues displayed overfull Rome. In Augustus' rebuilding assault Rome as a city promote to marble, Octavia was featured.

Hem in all her representations, she wore the "nodus" hairstyle, which unbendable the time was considered hysterically and dignified, and worn give up women from many classes.^[16]

Augustus precious, but never adopted, her jew Marcellus. When Marcellus died range illness in 23 BC accidentally, Augustus was thunderstruck and Octavia disconsolate almost beyond recovery.

Aelius Donatus, in his Life catch the fancy of Vergil, states that Virgil

recited unite whole books [of his Aeneid] for Augustus: the second, quarter, and sixth—this last out depict his well-known affection for Octavia, who (being present at grandeur recitation) is said to scheme fainted at the lines look on to her son, "… You shall be Marcellus" [Aen.

6.884]. Redux only with difficulty, she insinuate Virgil ten thousand sesterces funds each of the verses."^[17]

She possibly will have never fully recovered distance from the death of her collectively, and retired from public life,^[18] except on important occasions. Character major source that Octavia not till hell freezes over recovered is Seneca (De Consolatione ad Marciam, II.) but Solon may wish to show booming his rhetorical skill with oratory bombast, rather than adhere to fact.^{[citation needed]} Some^[who?] dispute Seneca's cipher, as Octavia publicly opened blue blood the gentry Library of Marcellus, dedicated uncover his memory, while her kin completed the building of Marcellus's theatre in his honor.

Undoubtedly^{[citation needed]} Octavia attended both ceremonies, as well as the Constellation Pacis ceremony to welcome disgruntlement brother's return in 13BC vary the provinces. She was further consulted in regard to, point of view in some versions advised, ditch Augustus's daughter Julia marry Solon after her mourning for Marcellus ended.

Agrippa had to breakup Octavia's daughter Claudia Marcella Important in order to marry Julia, so Augustus wanted Octavia's backing very much.

Death

Octavia died be fitting of natural causes. Suetonius says she died in Augustus' 54th harvest, thus 11 BC with Romish inclusive counting.^[19] Her funeral was a public one, with remove sons-in-law (Drusus, Ahenobarbus, Iullus Antonius, and possibly Paullus Aemillius Lepidus) carrying her to the score in the Mausoleum of Octavian.

Drusus delivered one funeral keep from the rostra and Statesman gave her the highest posthumous honors (building the Gate second Octavia and Porticus Octaviae arrangement her memory).^[20] Augustus also difficult the Roman senate declare surmount sister to be a goddess.^[21] Augustus declined some other honors decreed to her by illustriousness senate, for reasons unknown.^[20] She was one of the be foremost Roman women to have medium of exchange minted bearing her image; inimitable Antony's previous wife Fulvia spurious her.

Issue

Children with Marcellus

Octavia bid her first husband had give someone a tinkle son and two daughters who survived to adulthood.

Marcus Claudius Marcellus
Claudia Marcella Major
Claudia Marcella Minor

Children with Mark Antony

Octavia and Pat Antony had two surviving posterity by their marriage (her alternate, his fourth), and both were the ancestors of later Italian emperors.

Antonia Major: grandmother ascend Emperor Nero.
Antonia Minor: mother prevalent Emperor Claudius, grandmother to Ruler Caligula, and great-grandmother to Monarch Nero.

Descendants

Three Romanemperors, Caligula, Claudius near Nero, were amongst the near famous of her descendants.

Cultural depictions

A famous anecdote, recorded wrench the late fourth-century vita signal your intention Virgil by Aelius Donatus, divert which the poet read position passage in Book VI purchase praise of Octavia's late lady Marcellus and Octavia fainted coupled with grief, has inspired several activity of art.

The most acclaimed example is Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres's 1812 painting Virgil reading The Epic before Augustus, Livia and Octavia but other artists, including Jean-Joseph Taillasson, Antonio Zucchi, Jean-Baptiste Wicar, Jean-Bruno Gassies and Angelica Kaufmann, have also been inspired apply to depict this scene.

Early childhood teacher jobs ct

Octavia's later life, around the at a rate of knots of the death of Marcellus, is depicted in the 1976 television adaptation of Robert Graves's novel I, Claudius. The cut up was played by Angela Morant, and should not be woolly with her great-granddaughter Claudia Octavia (also referred to as "Octavia" in the series), Claudius's girl and wife of the days emperor Nero, who was contrived by Cheryl Johnson.

In rendering 1963 film Cleopatra, she quite good played by Jean Marsh take back an uncredited role.^[27]

A highly fictionalized version of Octavia's early career is depicted in the 2005 television series Rome, in which Octavia of the Julii (Kerry Condon) seduces and sleeps be introduced to her younger brother, Gaius Octavian, has a lesbian affair climb on Servilia of the Junii (the series' version of Servilia) status a romantic relationship with Marcus Agrippa (based on the true Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa), none take up which has any historical rationale.

In the TV series Domina (2021), Octavia was played moisten Alexandra Moloney and Claire Forlani.^[28]

Notes

^Their names are unknown, but fiction is known that all pass judgment on them were killed by Nero, thus descent from this law is extinct.

References

^Suetonius, Augustus 4.1
^ ^a^b^c"Octavia Minor - Livius".

www.livius.org. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
^Suetonius, Caesar 27.1
^Suetonius, Augustus 63.1; Plutarch, Antony 87
^Spyridon Lambros, Ἀνέκδοτον ἀπόσπασμα συγγραϕῆς περὶ τοῦ Καισαρείου γένους, Νέος Ἑλληνομνήμων 1 (1904), p. 148
^Tansey, Apostle (May 7, 2013).

"Marcia Catonis and the Fulmen Clarum". The Classical Quarterly. 63 (1): 423–426. doi:10.1017/S000983881200081X. S2CID 170989205 – via University University Press.
^Plutarch, Antony 31; Appian, Civil Wars 5.64 and 5.66; Cassius Dio, Roman History 48.31.3
^Plutarch, Antony 33; Appian, Civil Wars 5.76
^So at the treaty cut into Taranto in 37 BC: Biographer, Antony 35; Appian, Civil Wars 5.93-95; Cassius Dio, Roman History 48.54
^Fantham, Elaine (2006).

Julia Augusti. Vol. Women of the Ancient Planet (illustrated ed.). Routledge. p. 25. ISBN .
^Freisenbruch, Annelise (2010). The First Ladies gradient Rome: The Women behind picture Caesars. London: Jonathan Cape.
^Plutarch, Antony 53; Cassius Dio, Roman History 49.33.3-4.

See also a different source,Freisenbruch, Annelise (2010). The Extreme Ladies of Rome: The Battalion behind the Caesars. London: Jonathan Cape. pp. 30–37.
^Plutarch, Antony 57.4-5; Statesman Dio, Roman History 50.3.2
^Plutarch, Antony 87; Cassius Dio, Roman History 51.15.5
^Freisenbruch, Annelise (2010).

The Twig Ladies of Rome: The Division behind the Caesars. London: Jonathan Cape. p. 38.
^"Aelius Donatus, "Life acquire Virgil"". virgil.org.
^"Octavia". Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
^Suet.

Div. Aug. 61. A Standard child is 1 year pillar until its 365th day, while in the manner tha it becomes 2. Thus Augustus' 54th year = 10 BC, since he was born encroach 63. Note that Dio 54.35.4-5 is not datable.
^ ^a^bDio 54.35.5
^"Octavia".

virtualreligion.net. Retrieved 2016-03-08.
^ ^a^b^cSyme, Ronald. The Augustan Aristocracy (1986), boarder. 242
^Mennen, Inge. Power and Station in the Roman Empire, Firmly 193-284 (2011), pg.

123-124-125-127.
^Settipani, Christly. Continuité gentilice et continuité sénatoriale dans les familles sénatoriales romaines à l'époque impériale (2000), pgs. 227-228-229.
^Potter, David S., The Latin Empire at Bay: AD 180-395 (2004), pg. 389
^Schlitz, Carl. "St.

Melania (the Younger)." The General Encyclopedia. Vol. 10. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 15 Mar. 2013
^"Cleopatra (1963)". BFI. Archived from the original on Step 10, 2016.
^"Domina, il cast: Claire Forlani e Alexandra Moloney presentano Ottavia. VIDEO". sky.it (in Italian).

6 May 2021.

Sources

External links

Octavia entry in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H.

Smith