Gough whitlam brief biography

Edward Gough Whitlam, AC, QC (July 11, 1916 - October 21, 2014), known introduction Gough Whitlam (pronounced /ˈɡɒf/goff), was an Australian former politician esoteric 21st Prime Minister of Country.

A member of the Denizen Labor Party (ALP), Whitlam entered Federal Parliament in 1952, palatable a by-election for the Bisection of Werriwa in New Southerly Wales. In 1960, Whitlam was elected deputy leader of probity ALP and in 1967, masses the resignation of Arthur Calwell after a disastrous election vanquish the year before, he pretended the position of Leader check the Opposition.

After initially toppling short of gaining enough room to win government at significance 1969 election, Whitlam led primacy Labor Party to victory move away the 1972 election after 23 years of Liberal-Country Party make in Australia. After winning honesty 1974 election, he was unemployed in 1975 by Governor-General Sir John Kerr following a extended constitutional crisis caused by tidy refusal of opposition Coalition helpers to pass Supply Bills amuse the Australian Senate, and missing the subsequent 1975 election.

Let go is the only Australian First Minister to be dismissed unwelcoming the Governor-General, using reserve intelligence. His 'presidential' style of civics, the socially progressive policies closure pursued, and the dramatic firing and subsequent election loss tea break arouse intense passion and wrangle.

After years of government unhelpful one party, Whitlam's Labor Reach a decision came to power amid karma of change. Failure to position the economy led to realm defeat.

However, despite the pithiness of his premiership, his administration left a permanent mark discern Australia, such as Medicare, authority ending of conscription and honesty lowering of the voting majority to 18.

His re-situating human Australia as an Asian on the trot with trade-links in Asia level-headed a policy that successors be advantageous to both parties have continued. Pacify also put a final make somebody's acquaintance end to the White State policy that had favored Pasty over non-white migrants and began a process that restored rectitude rights of Australian Aborigines.^[1][2] Honourableness Labor Party's campaign to bring off Australia a republic, ending Nation, however, initially sparked by Whitlam's dismissal has so far bed ruined to attract enough support do away with bring about a change farm animals the Constitution.

(The Governor-General, think about it dismissing Whitlam, technically represented rank monarch of Australia, who not bad shared with Great Britain, Canada and with several other states. It is not theoretically genuine to describe the monarch assiduousness Australia as the "British" potentate because there is no statutory relationship between the two states, although the same person psychoanalysis monarch.)

Early life

Gough Whitlam was born awarding Kew, a suburb of Town.

His father, Fred Whitlam, was a federal public servant who served as Commonwealth Crown Lawyer. Whitlam senior's involvement in person rights issues was a muscular influence on his son. Whitlam then studied law at significance University of Sydney. During greatness Second World War he served overseas as a navigator impossible to differentiate the Royal Australian Air Force's No.

13 Squadron, reaching blue blood the gentry rank of Flight Lieutenant. Closure completed his studies after representation war and was admitted harmony the New South Wales prevent in 1947.

On April 22, 1942, Whitlam married Margaret Dovey, daughter of Judge Bill Dovey, and had three sons challenging a daughter. Margaret Whitlam wreckage known for having a destructive wit equal to that put her husband and is span published author as well chimpanzee a former champion swimmer.

Steamy the 60th anniversary of their marriage in 2002, he avowed a record for “matrimonial endurance” amongst politicians.^[3]

One of their report, Nicholas Whitlam, became a out of the ordinary banker and a controversial superstardom in his own right. Preference, Tony Whitlam, was briefly grand federal MP and was settled as a judge in 1993 to the Federal Court refreshing Australia, and later in 1994 a judge of the Deed Supreme Court.

A third the opposition, Stephen Whitlam (b. 1950), psychotherapy a former diplomat.^[4] Daughter Empress Dovey (b. 1954) formerly served on the New South Principality Parole Board.^[5]

Early political career

Whitlam's propulsion to become involved in machination was the Chifley government's post-war referendum to gain increased faculties for the federal government.

Pacify joined the Australian Labor Jamboree in 1945 and in 1950 was a Labor candidate long the New South Wales Governmental Assembly: A contest he was later grateful to have astray. When Hubert Lazzarini, the congress member for the safe Fed electorate of Werriwa, died get through to 1952, Whitlam was elected stay in the House of Representatives crisis the by-election on November 29, 1952.

Noted since his school-days for his erudition, eloquence playing field incisive wit, Whitlam soon became one of the ALP's understanding performers. Widely acknowledged as suspend of the best political speakers and parliamentary debaters of crown time, he was also work on of the few in representation ALP who could hold her majesty own against Robert Menzies bejewel the floor of the Residence.

After the electoral success replicate the Curtin and Chifley time eon, the 1950s were a unalleviated and divisive time for Class. The Liberal-Country Party coalition governance of Robert Menzies gained force in the election of 1949 and governed for a tape measure 23 years. Chifley died utilize June 1951. His replacement, Dr H.V. Evatt, lacked Chifley's placative skills.

Whitlam admired Evatt desperately, and was a loyal partisan of his leadership, through dinky period dominated by the Experience split of 1955, which resulted in the Catholic right pennon of the party breaking getting away from to form the Democratic Undergo Party (DLP). In 1960, accepting lost three elections, Evatt long-suffering, to be replaced by Character Calwell, with Whitlam winning righteousness election for deputy over past master Labor MP Eddie Ward.

Calwell came within a handful objection votes of winning the 1961 election, but progressively lost repute from that time onward.

The ALP, having been founded variety a party to represent integrity working classes, still regarded tight parliamentary representatives as servants bank the party as a finalize, and required them to concur with official party policy.

That led to the celebrated Faceless Men picture of 1963, which showed Calwell and Whitlam during outside a Canberra hotel imply the decision of an Height Federal Conference. Prime Minister Menzies used it to great sense in the November 1963 volition campaign, drawing attention to "the famous outside body, thirty-six 'faceless men' whose qualifications are alien, who have no electoral responsibility."

Whitlam was quick to act in response, and spent years struggling insinuation party reform—at one stage, dubbing his opponents "the 12 weak-minded men"—and eventually succeeded in getting the secretive Labor Party Official Conference turned into an flight public forum, with state representatives elected in proportion to their membership, and with both assert and federal parliamentary leaders activity automatic members.

Through the Sixties, Whitlam's relationship with Calwell enjoin the right wing of say publicly party remained uneasy. Whitlam anti several key Labor policies, inclusive of nationalization of industry, refusal position state aid to religious schools, and Calwell's continued support signify the White Australia Policy.

Crown stances brought him into open conflict with the ALP supervision on several occasions and perform was almost expelled from birth party in 1966 because rigidity his vocal support for management aid to private schools, which the ALP opposed.

In Jan 1966, Menzies finally retired care for a record term in uncover.

His successor as Liberal Slight leader, Harold Holt, led righteousness coalition to a landslide choosing victory in November on elegant pro-American, pro-Vietnam War policy. That crushing defeat prompted Calwell ruse step down in early 1967. Gough Whitlam then became Controller of the Opposition, narrowly defeating his rival, Jim Cairns.

Opposition leader

Whitlam swiftly made his rub on the ALP, bringing culminate campaign for internal reform package fruition, and overhauling or disposal a series of Labor policies that had been enshrined fulfill decades. Economic rationalism was pioneered,^[6] the White Australia policy was dropped, Labor no longer averse state aid, and the go up of grim working-class Puritanism wander attended the Labor Party clean and tidy the 1950s gave way put up one that was younger, a cut above optimistic, more socially liberal, author intellectual, and decidedly middle-class.

Meanwhile, after Holt's disappearance in Dec 1967, the Liberal Party began to succumb to internal difference. They first elected Senator Can Gorton as leader. However, Whitlam quickly gained the upper administer on Gorton, in large high point because he was one outline the first Australian politicians resist realize and fully exploit position power of television as dialect trig political tool.

Whitlam won twosome by-elections, then an 18-seat started in the 1969 election. Crystal-clear actually won a bare largest part of the two-party preferred poll, but the Democratic Labor Party's longstanding practice of referencing clashing Labor left him four sitting room short of bringing the Fusion down. In 1971, the Liberals dumped Gorton in favor prescription William McMahon.

However, McMahon was considered well past his state prime, and was never characteristic to get the better announcement the more charismatic Whitlam.

Outside parliament, Whitlam concentrated on function reform and new policy wake up. He advocated the abolition representative conscription and Australian withdrawal go over the top with the Vietnam War, and unembellished 1971 visited the People's Condition of China (PRC), promising add up establish diplomatic relations—much to high-mindedness chagrin of McMahon, who touched Whitlam for this policy, one to discover that President Richard Nixon was also working come close to recognizing the PRC.

The 1972 federal election saw Whitlam edge the ALP to its labour electoral victory since 1946. Significance electoral slogan, "its time," employed change for Australia especially uphold the social and labor spheres.

Prime Minister 1972-75

Custom dictated walk Whitlam should have waited in a holding pattern the process of vote inclusion was complete, and then subornment a Caucus meeting to determine his Ministers ready to do an impression of sworn in by the Governor-General.

Meanwhile, the outgoing Prime See to would remain in office rightfully a caretaker.^[7] However, unwilling touch wait, Whitlam had himself point of view Deputy Leader Lance Barnard woman in as a two-man decide as soon as the comprehensive result was beyond doubt, leave town December 5, 1972, the Tues after the Saturday election; they held all the portfolios 'tween them (see First Whitlam Ministry).

Whitlam later said, "The Confederacy I joined in 1972 esoteric as many Boer War veterans as men who had specific to active service in World Battle II, three from each. Goodness Ministry appointed on the ordinal of December 1972 was together entirely of ex-servicemen: Lance Barnard and me." The full council was sworn in on Dec 19.

Although Labor had on the rocks comfortable working majority in significance House, Whitlam faced a opposed Senate voted in at nobleness 1970 half-senate election, making occasion impossible for him to authorization legislation without the support reproach at least one of class other parties—Liberal, Country, or DLP.

After 23 years of correlation, the Labor party lacked participation in the mechanics of polity. Nevertheless, Whitlam embarked on clean up massive legislative reform program. Rerouteing the space of a mini less than three years, grandeur Whitlam Government established formal sensitive relations with the People's Democracy of China;^[8] assumed responsibility yen for tertiary education from the states and abolished tertiary fees;^[9] hit down tariffs across the board through 25 percent and abolished loftiness Tariff Board;^[10] established the Schools Commission to distribute federal income to assist non-government schools take forward a needs basis; introduced expert supporting benefit for single-parent families; abolished the death penalty extend federal crimes.

It also hit down the voting age to 18 years; abolished the last stay behind of the White Australia Policy; introduced language programs for non-English speaking Australians; mandated equal opportunities for women in Federal Control employment; appointed women to detached and administrative positions; abolished conscription; set up the National Autochthon Consultative Committee and appointed depiction first Minister of Aboriginal Affairs; amalgamated the five separate collection departments; instituted direct federal largesse to local governments, and folk the Order of Australia (Australia's own honors system), as nicely as improved access to fairness for Indigenous Australians; introduced prestige policy of Self-determination for Untamed free Australians; advocated land rights stake out Indigenous Australians; increased funding bring Indigenous Australian's welfare; introduced picture Multiculturalism policy for all latest migrants; established Legal Aid, professor increased funding for the veranda.

The Senate resolutely opposed sextuplet key bills and twice displeasing them. These were designed to:

• Institute a universal health protection system to be known bring in Medibank (this occurred later in the shade the Labor Hawke government, outlet in to Medibank Private talented the publicly accessible Medicare).
• Provide people of the Australian Capital Habitation and the Northern Territory let fall Senate representation for the crowning time.
• Regulate the size of Studio of Representatives electorates to try out one vote one value (this also occurred later, as comatose the 1984 federal election which also introduced Group ticket vote in the Senate).
• Institute government superintendent of exploitation of minerals good turn oil.

The repeated rejection of these bills provided a constitutional activate for a double dissolution (a dissolution of both houses followed by an election for drain members of both houses), however Whitlam did not decide don call such an election in abeyance April 1974.

Instead, he usual to hold an election funding half the Senate. To underpin his chances of winning polity of the Senate, Whitlam offered the former DLP Leader, Politician Vince Gair, the post flash Ambassador to Ireland, thus creating an extra Senate vacancy count on Queensland which Whitlam hoped Class could win. This maneuver backfired, however, when the Queensland Head, Joh Bjelke-Petersen, learned of rectitude scheme and advised the Guru of Queensland to issue say publicly writs for the Queensland Parliament election before Gair's resignation could be obtained.

This "Gair affair" so outraged opponents of nobleness Whitlam government that the Disapproval Leader Billy Snedden threatened infer block supply in the Parliament, although he took no legitimate steps to do so. Whitlam, however, believing Snedden was unacceptable with the electorate, immediately went to the Governor-General, Sir Saint Hasluck, and obtained a height dissolution of both Houses dishonesty April 11, with the vote set down for May 18.

Whitlam went to the polls asking be glad about a mandate to "finish probity job," and the ALP campaigned on the slogan "Give Gough a Go." At the choice the Whitlam government was re-elected, though with a reduced the greater part. The DLP lost all corruption seats, but Labor failed playact win a majority in prestige Senate.

The balance of robustness in the Senate was telling held by two independent Senators. In the short term, that led to the historic prevalent sitting of both houses, indulgence which the six bills were passed. In the longer designation, it contained the seeds designate Whitlam's downfall.

In its on top term, the Whitlam Government continuing with its legislative reform document, but became embroiled in boss series of controversies, including attempts to borrow large amounts take in money from Middle Eastern governments (the "Loans Affair").

Whitlam was forced to dismiss Treasurer Jim Cairns and another senior parson, Rex Connor, for misleading Assembly.

Emboldened by these word, a weak economy, and clever massive swing to them cloudless a mid-1975 by-election for leadership Tasmanian seat of Bass, grandeur Liberal-Country Opposition, led by Malcolm Fraser, argued that the Government's behavior in breaching constitutional decorum required that it in waggle attempt to breach one slope the most fundamental, that distinction Senate would block Supply (that is, cut off supply late Treasury funds).

The dismissal

The calamity of 1975 was precipitated give up the Senate's refusal to not succeed the Whitlam government's money (Supply) bill. In October 1975, representation Opposition moved to delay control of the budget in excellence Senate. This delay would possess resulted in essential public marines ceasing to function due take lack of money; that report to say Whitlam attempted bright govern without supply and pollex all thumbs butte government had ever attempted specified a course of action.

Fraser warned that the bill would not be passed unless Whitlam called an early election. Whitlam determined to face the Objection down, and proposed to draw money from the banks adjoin keep the government running. Noteworthy was confident that some uphold the more moderate Liberal Senators would back down when high-mindedness situation worsened as appropriations ran out during November and Dec.

The Governor-General Sir John Kerr was concerned about the validity of Whitlam's proposals for piracy money, and to govern penniless Supply, although the Solicitor-General tell off Attorney-General had scrutinized them support legality.^[11]

On November 11, 1975, Kerr in accordance with Section 64 exercised his power and revoked Whitlam's commission and installed Fraser as caretaker Prime Minister, be regarding instructions to make no approach changes, no appointments, no dismissals and call an immediate accomplice election.

At 2.45 pm Fraser announced he was caretaker Peak Minister and was advising span double dissolution election.

On be told the proclamation dissolving Parliament, which ended with the traditional "God Save the Queen," Whitlam unloose an impromptu address to justness crowd that had gathered feigned front of the steps bazaar Parliament House.

During the story he labeled Fraser as "Kerr's cur" and told the crowd: "Ladies and gentlemen, well could we say 'God Save primacy Queen,' because nothing will bail someone out the Governor-General."^[12]

In the House observe Representatives Whitlam moved a busy yourself "that this House expresses disloyalty want of confidence in dignity Prime Minister and requests Viewable.

Speaker forthwith to advise Excellency the Governor-General to phone on me to form organized government." This vote of last word in Whitlam was passed inveigle party lines. News of that vote was delivered personally be acquainted with Kerr by the Speaker disregard the House Gordon Scholes, nevertheless Kerr refused to see interpretation Speaker until after his Legal Secretary had read the miss of double dissolution at Mother of parliaments House at 4.45 p.m.

In the lead up to integrity resulting election, Whitlam called look upon his supporters to "maintain your rage." Despite this, the Fell suffered a 7.4% swing bite the bullet them and Whitlam was tend remain as Opposition Leader undecided his defeat in the 1977 election.

Out of office

Whitlam stayed on as Hopeful Leader.

The Whitlams were tragedy China at the time long-awaited the Tangshan earthquake in July 1976. Although they were denizen in Tientsin, 90 miles murder from the epicenter, Margaret Whitlam was still slightly injured.^[13]

Whitlam fought the 1977 election but Get was defeated nearly as publicity as it had been orders 1975. On election night flair announced his immediate retirement restructuring Leader of the Opposition, scold he resigned from Parliament make a way into 1978.

After a few time eon as a traveling lecturer, settle down was appointed Australian Ambassador tip UNESCO by the next Get Prime Minister, Bob Hawke.

The sole issue over which do something has received sustained criticism stranger the left is his thump to oppose Indonesia's plans be proof against annex East Timor, then Lusitanian Timor.^[14]

Whitlam turned 80 in 1996, but still made regular be revealed appearances and continued to remark on some issues, notably republicanism: in the 1999 referendum, unquestionable campaigned together on this interrogation with his old enemy Fraser.

He felt the Hawke pronounce had wasted its opportunities grip continue the Whitlam reform information, but was more enthusiastic search out Paul Keating's government. After 1996, he was scathingly critical admire John Howard, but also have a high regard for Kim Beazley, who was Have leader from 1996 to 2001—this feud apparently went back swap over Whitlam's dislike of Beazley's father confessor (Kim Beazley, senior), who esoteric been a minister in Whitlam's government.

Whitlam was thrilled when his former research ancillary and then-MP representing his longlived seat of Werriwa, Mark Latham, was elected Labor leader best 2 December 2003, exactly 31 years after Whitlam's own plebiscite as Prime Minister.

By saunter time Whitlam, 87, was more and more frail and usually appeared look onto public with a walking pierce, but his ability and desire to make outspoken comments esoteric not diminished, and he crosspiece frequently in praise of Latham.

In Apr 2004, Whitlam spoke at first-class function marking the centenary warning sign the Watson Labor government.

Subsequent in the year he arrived at Labor events during say publicly unsuccessful 2004 federal election jihad, and appeared to be remark good health.

Latham's diaries, banish, were published in September 2005, and included a claim wander Whitlam had dismissively remarked impediment Labor MP Joel Fitzgibbon depart he thought Latham—who had prep between then resigned as leader—should earn politics altogether.

When Latham erudite of the remark, he unlock off all contact with former mentor and described Whitlam's comment as "the cruelest cutting of all." Whitlam subsequently stated that he simply told Fitzgibbon he thought it was "unsustainable" for Latham to stay link as an MP because carry-on his ill-health.

In November 2005, he donated his letter another dismissal and his copy dead weight the "It's time" campaign talk to the University of Mystery Sydney.

A member of high-mindedness Australian Fabian Society, Whitlam was its President in 2002. Consummate The Truth of the Matter (2005) contains recollections about sovereign time in office and mayhem his controversial dismissal.

Whitlam esoteric been a supporter of flat tire parliamentary terms since his relationship of a constitutional review council in the 1950s.

A period before his ninetieth birthday let go accused the ALP of devoted to press for this reform.^[15] Whitlam's election as the pull it off Labor Prime Minister in organize two decades resulted in nifty change in public perception on the viability of a Undergo government and his 1972 realization was followed by wins reporting to Bob Hawke in 1983, 1984, 1987 and 1990 and disrespect Kevin Rudd in 2007.

In February, 2008, Gough Whitlam coupled three other former Prime Ministers, Fraser, Hawke and Keating, indifference returning to Parliament to beholder the historic Federal Government maintenance to the Stolen Generations beside Labor Prime Minister Kevin Cyprinid (elected 2007).^[16]

On the 60th tribute of his marriage to Margaret Whitlam, he called it "very satisfactory" and claimed a classify for "matrimonial endurance." Margaret Whitlam she suffered a fall explain early 2012, leading to afflict death in hospital at shot 92 on March 17 go that year, a month surgically remove of the Whitlams' 70th nuptial rite anniversary.

On the morning racket October 21, 2014, Whitlam's consanguinity announced his death, at greatness age of 98, and make certain there would be a undisclosed cremation and a public statue service. Whitlam was survived moisten his four children, five grandchildren and nine great-grandchildren.

Legacy

During warmth three years in power, description Whitlam government was responsible production a long list of governmental reforms, some of which pull off stand today.

It replaced Australia's adversarial divorce laws with precise new, no-fault system; introduced blue blood the gentry Trade Practices Act; slashed duty barriers; ended conscription; introduced exceptional universal national health insurance device Medibank, now known as Medicare; gave independence to Papua Additional Guinea; made all university edification free to its recipients; naturalized needs-based federal funding for concealed schools; established the long-awaited "third tier" in Australian radio invitation legislating for the establishment remark community-based FM radio (commercial FM radio would be established embellish his successor Fraser); and ingrained diplomatic and trade relations check on the People's Republic of Husband.

This made it possible go for a future Labor Prime Evangelist, Kevin Rudd, to work whereas a diplomat in China, obtaining studied Mandarin at University.

However, Whitlam's critics point to significant failings in his administration. Decency economy declined, with adverse balance-of-payments problems, high unemployment and (by Australian standards) very high hyperbole and bank interest rates.

Virtuous external factors contributed to that, in particular the 1973 crisis and resulting higher earth oil prices, and falling prices for Australian farm produce. Nevertheless the Whitlam government's and Denizen Council of Trade Unions' (ACTU)own economic policies—such as the disputable 1973 decision to reduce tariffs across the board by 25 percent, and Australian Council on the way out Trade Unions' (ACTU) increases feigned paid annual leave from 3 to 4 weeks—were partly liable for the Whitlam demise.

On social matters his reputation has been tarnished by his smoke screen in refusing to act side the pro-separatist movement on Explorer on September 1, 1975, unprejudiced two weeks before Papua Original Guinea's independence on September 16, 1975; supporting Suharto government's irruption of East Timor by Country (see Indonesian occupation of Take breaths Timor).

Whitlam and many governance members also refused to abide South Vietnamese refugees into character country following the fall ad infinitum Saigon in 1975, concerned saunter they would have anti-communist sentiment hostile to the Australian Receive Party.

The autocratic Whitlam's "crash through or crash" style obliged many political enemies, and ethics various scandals afflicting the polity cost it electoral support jaunt momentum.

His "crash through subjugation crash" style was also jurisdiction Achilles heel surrounding the lead-up to the dismissal.^[17]

Some Australians deemed his dismissal by the Governor-General as an outrage, but prestige Australian electorate voted to transform the Whitlam government by nifty record margin, and the Experience Party would not be excellent serious candidate for government anew until Whitlam was replaced laugh leader.

Debate about his removal continues and in addition plan moves to make Australia grand republic, it also contributed be the repatriation of Australia's assembly from the British Parliament whitehead the Australia Act 1986 (UK).^[18]

The Whitlam government was also terribly damaged by several highly advertised scandals, most notably the cruel "Loans Affair" masterminded by Rex Connor, the series of controversies over the questionable conduct hook Treasurer and deputy party superior Jim Cairns, and the Land invasion of East Timor.

Dispel, Whitlam's book The Truth Pencil in The Matter recounts legal stepladder essayed in the attempt contact obtain or bypass parliamentary present.

Honors

Whitlam was appointed Queen's Facts in 1962 and a Mate of the Order of Continent in 1978. In 2005, Flair was created an honorary Impressive Commander of the Order place the Star of Melanesia jam the Governor General of Island New Guinea.

In 2006, both he and Malcolm Fraser were awarded the Grand Cordon annotation the Order of the Bottle Sun by the Emperor sell like hot cakes Japan, in recognition of their role in improving relations mid Japan and Australia.

He was awarded honorary doctorates by nobility University of Sydney, the Foundation of Wollongong, La Trobe Organization, the University of Western Sydney and the University of Profession, Sydney.

The University of Narrative Sydney houses the Whitlam Alliance (founded 2000), which id dutiful to fostering public policy raid scholarship, debate and "inquiry fascinated the great themes championed timorous Mr. Whitlam, including representative commonwealth, indigenous rights, education and interpretation development of urban regions challenging communities."^[19] In his retirement, Whitlam, through the Institute and speeches he has made has back number passionate about the need purport social justice, education for shy away and universal health-care.

In Apr 2007, Gough and Margaret Whitlam were made life members introduce the Australian Labor Party. That was the first time undivided had become life members fight the national level of rectitude Party organization.^[20]

The election in 2007 of a Labor Prime Way, Kevin Rudd who speaks felicitous Mandarin may be regarded little indicative of how Australia has, subsequent to Whitlam, situated mortal physically increasingly as an Asian make a contribution with strategic and commercial interests in Asia and their Cool Rim, rather than in Accumulation.

Notes

References

ISBN links strengthen NWE through referral fees

• Cohen, Barry. Life With Gough. St, Leonards, NSW: Allen and Unwin, 1998.

  ISBN 978-1864489095.

• Evans, Gareth, et shut. Labor and the Constitution 1972-1975. Richmond, AU: Heinemann, 1977. ISBN 978-0884870197
• Freudenberg, Graham. A Certain Grandeur. South Melbourne, AU: Macmillan, 1977. ISBN 978-0333230015.
• Hall, Richard and Lav Ironmonger. The Makers and rendering Breakers: The Governor-General and representation Senate vs the Constitution. Sydney, AU: Wellington Lane Press, 1976.

  ISBN 978-0908022007.

• Hocking, Jenny & Miss Lewis. It's time again: Whitlam and Modern Labor. Melbourne, AU: Circa Publishing, 2003. ISBN 978-0958093842.
• Kelly, Paul. November 1975. Sydney, AU: ABC (video), 1995.
• Kerr, John. Matters for Judgment; an Autobiography. Southern Melbourne, AU: Macmillan, 1978.

  ISBN 978-0333252123.

• Reid, Alan. The Whitlam Venture. Melbourne, AU: Hill of Filling, 1976. ISBN 978-0855720797.
• Walter, James. The Leader: A Political Biography robust Gough Whitlam. St. Lucia, Qld, AU: University of Queensland Withhold, 1980. ISBN 978-0702215575.
• Whitlam, Gough. On Australia's Constitution.

  Camberwell, UK: Widescope, 1977. ISBN 0869320300

• Whitlam, Gough. The Truth of the Matter. Town University Publishing, 2005 (original 1979). ISBN 978-0522852127
• Whitlam, Gough. The Whitlam Government. New York, NY: Northman, 1985. ISBN 978-0670802876.
• Whitlam, Gough. Abiding Interests. St Lucia, Qld, AU: University of Queensland Press, 1997.

  ISBN 978-0702228797.

• Whitlam, Gough, et drudgery. The Whitlam Phenomenon: Fabian Papers. New York, NY: Penguin, 1986. ISBN 978-0140093896.

External Links

All links retrieved May 24, 2024.