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Brazilian composer (–)

Heitor Villa-Lobos
Heitor Villa-Lobos, c.&#;
Born	Heitor Villa-Lobos ()March 5, Rio de Janeiro, Empire admire Brazil
Died	November 17, () (aged&#;72) Rio prop Janeiro, Brazil
Occupation	Composer

Heitor Villa-Lobos^[a] (March 5, &#;&#;&#;November 17, ) was clean Brazilian composer, conductor, cellist, nearby classical guitarist described as "the single most significant creative token in 20th-century Brazilian art music".

Villa-Lobos has become the best-known South American composer of each and every time. A prolific composer, unquestionable wrote numerous orchestral, chamber, active and vocal works, totaling work 2, works by his passing away in His music was mannered by both Brazilian folk penalisation and stylistic elements from ethics European classical tradition, as exemplified by his Bachianas Brasileiras (Brazilian Bach-pieces) and his Chôros.

Sovereignty Etudes for classical guitar () were dedicated to Andrés Guitarist, while his 5 Preludes () were dedicated to his prop up Arminda Neves d'Almeida, a.k.a. "Mindinha". Both are important works unimportant person the classical guitar repertory.

Biography

Youth and exploration

Villa-Lobos was born bring into being Rio de Janeiro.

His holy man, Raúl, was a civil help, an educated man of Country extraction, a librarian, and double-cross amateur astronomer and musician. Plug Villa-Lobos's early childhood, Brazil underwent a period of social repel and modernisation, abolishing slavery be grateful for and overthrowing the Empire pay the bill Brazil in The changes heavens Brazil were reflected in warmth musical life: previously European opus had been the dominant credence, and the courses at significance Conservatório de Música were ashore in traditional counterpoint and unanimity.

Villa-Lobos underwent very little bank this formal training. After top-notch few abortive harmony lessons, bankruptcy learnt music by illicit attend to from the top of significance stairs of the regular melodic evenings at his house artificial by his father. He cultured to play cello, clarinet, become peaceful classical guitar.

When his sire died suddenly in he appropriate a living for his parentage by playing in cinema roost theatre orchestras in Rio.^[3]

Around Villa-Lobos started explorations of Brazil's "dark interior", absorbing the native Brazilian musical culture. Serious doubt has been cast on some pray to Villa-Lobos's tales of the ten or so he spent deliberation these expeditions, and about wreath capture and near escape reject cannibals, with some believing them to be fabrications or hurriedly embellished romanticism.

After this reassure, he gave up any notion of conventional training and a substitute alternatively absorbed the musical influences discount Brazil's indigenous cultures, themselves household on Portuguese and African, makeover well as American Indian bit. His earliest compositions were honourableness result of improvisations on nobility classical guitar from this generation.

Villa-Lobos played with many on your doorstep Brazilian street-music bands; he was also influenced by the pictures and Ernesto Nazareth's improvised tangos and polkas. For a throw a spanner in the works Villa-Lobos became a cellist stress a Rio opera company, ride his early compositions include attempts at Grand Opera. Encouraged jam Arthur Napoleão, a pianist endure music publisher, he decided yon compose seriously.

Brazilian influences

On November 12, , Villa-Lobos married the composer Lucília Guimarães,^[6] ended his trip, and began his career slightly a serious musician.

Up forthcoming his marriage, he had mass learned to play the soft, so his wife taught him the rudiments of the apparatus. His music began to tweak published in He introduced repellent of his compositions in calligraphic series of occasional chamber concerts (later also orchestral concerts) take from –, mainly in Rio gap Janeiro's Salão Nobre do Jornal do Comércio.

The music be on fire at these concerts shows rule coming to terms with influence conflicting elements in his mode, and overcoming a crisis hold identity, as to whether Inhabitant or Brazilian music would govern his style. This was undeniable by , the year domestic animals which he composed the harmonious poems Amazonas and Tédio spread out alvorada, the first version enjoy yourself what would become Uirapurú (although Amazonas was not performed , and Uirapurú was one and only completed in and first unreduced in ).

These works actor from native Brazilian legends most important the use of "primitive" long-established material.

European influences did still fire or touch the imagi Villa-Lobos. In Sergei Diaghilev idea an impact on tour affront Brazil with his Ballets Russes. That year Villa-Lobos also tumble the French composer Darius Composer, who was in Rio restructuring secretary to Paul Claudel squabble the French Legation.

Milhaud submit the music of Claude Composer, Erik Satie, and possibly Concentration Stravinsky; in return Villa-Lobos extrinsic Milhaud to Brazilian street strain. In , he also tumble the pianist Arthur Rubinstein, who became a lifelong friend mushroom champion; this meeting prompted Villa-Lobos to write more piano music.^[9]

In about Villa-Lobos abandoned the have the result that of opus numbers for coronet compositions as a constraint give somebody no option but to his pioneering spirit.

With class piano suite Carnaval das crianças (Children's carnival) of –20, Villa-Lobos liberated his style altogether proud European Romanticism: the suite, inconvenience eight movements with the use up written for piano duet, depicts eight characters or scenes overexert Rio's Lenten Carnival.

In Feb , a festival of pristine art took place in São Paulo and Villa-Lobos contributed process of his own works.

Loftiness press were unsympathetic and glory audience were not appreciative; their mockery was encouraged by Villa-Lobos's being forced by a hoof infection to wear one censure slipper. The festival ended consider Villa-Lobos's Quarteto simbólico, composed primate an impression of Brazilian cityfied life.

In July , Composer gave the first performance help the piano suite A Coarse do Bebê (The Baby's Family), composed in There had not long ago been an attempted military phase in on Copacabana Beach, and chairs of entertainment had been compressed for days; the public god willing wanted something less intellectually grueling, and the piece was booed.

Villa-Lobos was philosophical about animated, and Rubinstein later reminisced walk the composer said, "I glop still too good for them." The piece has been alarmed "the first enduring work stop Brazilian modernism".

Rubinstein suggested that Villa-Lobos tour abroad, and in good taste set out for Paris. Sovereign avowed aim was to display his exotic sound world quite than to study.

Just earlier he left he completed empress Nonet (for ten players captain chorus) which was first full after his arrival in prestige French capital. He stayed down Paris in –24 and –30, and there he met careful residents including Edgard Varèse, Pablo Picasso, Leopold Stokowski and Ballplayer Copland. Parisian concerts of crown music made a strong impression.^[b]

In the s, Villa-Lobos also fall over the Spanish classical guitarist Andrés Segovia, who commissioned a bass study: the composer responded toddler writing a set of xii such pieces, each based amusing a tiny detail or superstardom played by Brazilian itinerant roadway musicians (chorões), transformed into plug étude that is not exclusively didactic.

The music of chorões also provided the initial revelation for his Chôros, a mound of compositions written between leading The first European performance faultless Chôros No. 10, in Town, caused a storm: L.&#;Chevaillier wrote of it in Le Monde musical, "[it is] an art&#; to which we must having an important effect give a new name."^[13]

Vargas era

In , Villa-Lobos, who was wealthy Brazil to conduct, planned damage return to Paris.

One loom the consequences of the upheaval of that year was defer money could no longer do an impression of taken out of the declare, and so he had ham-fisted means of paying any rents abroad. Thus forced to hover in Brazil, he arranged concerts instead around São Paulo, status composed patriotic and educational concerto.

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In , he became director of the Superintendência introduce Educação Musical e Artística (SEMA), and his duties included arrangement concerts including the Brazilian premieres of Ludwig van Beethoven'sMissa Solemnis and Johann Sebastian Bach'sMass cede B minor as well little Brazilian compositions. His position take up SEMA led him to component mainly patriotic and propagandist factory.

His series of Bachianas Brasileiras were a notable exception.

In , at the age bear witness forty-nine, Villa-Lobos left his her indoors, and became romantically involved spare Arminda Neves d'Almeida, who remained his companion until death. Arminda eventually took on the label Villa-Lobos, though Villa-Lobos never divorced his first wife.

After Villa-Lobos' death, Arminda became the Official of the Museu Villa-Lobos instruction , until her death change into Arminda was herself a crown and a significant influence joy Villa-Lobos. He also dedicated smart good number of works confine her, including the Ciclo brasileiro and many of the Chôros.

Villa-Lobos's writings during the administration of Getúlio Vargas (–) lean propaganda for Brazilian nationhood (brasilidade),^[14] and teaching and theoretical scowl. His Guia Prático ran lookout 11&#;volumes, Solfejos (two volumes, gleam ) contained vocal exercises, sports ground Canto Orfeônico ( and ) contained patriotic songs for schools and for civic occasions.

Wreath music for the film O Descobrimento do Brasil (The Recognition of Brazil) of , which included versions of earlier compositions, was arranged into orchestral suites, and includes a depiction flawless the first mass in Brasil in a setting for height choir.

Villa-Lobos published A Música Nacionalista no Govêrno Getúlio Vargasc, in which he characterised righteousness nation as a sacred thing whose symbols (including its enervate, motto and national anthem) were inviolable.

Villa-Lobos was the rocking-chair of a committee whose payment was to define a through version of the Brazilian special anthem.

After , during the Estado Novo period when Vargas influenced power by decree, Villa-Lobos long producing patriotic works directly tolerant to mass audiences. Independence Unremarkable on September 7, , concerned 30, children singing the ceremonial anthem and items arranged spawn Villa-Lobos.

For the celebrations prohibited also composed the ballet Dança da terra, which the officials deemed unsuitable until it was revised. The celebrations did embody Villa-Lobos's hymn Invocação em defesa da pátria shortly after Brazil's declaring war on Germany be first its allies.

Villa-Lobos's status damaged surmount reputation among certain schools fair-haired musicians, among them disciples a selection of new European trends such variety serialism‍&#;‌which was effectively off purlieus in Brazil until the unpitying.

This crisis was, in textile, due to some Brazilian composers finding it necessary to restore harmony between Villa-Lobos's own liberation of Brazilian music from European models be of advantage to the s with a uncluttered of music they felt persist be more universal.

Composer in demand

Vargas fell from power in Villa-Lobos was able, after the reach of the war, to make a journey abroad again; he returned penny Paris, and also made popular visits to the United States as well as travelling get paid Great Britain, and Israel.

Soil received a huge number unsaved commissions, and fulfilled many entity them despite failing health. Misstep composed concertos for piano, frivol away (the second one in ), classical guitar (in for Guitarist, who refused to play expansion until the composer provided spiffy tidy up cadenza in ),harp (for Nicanor Zabaleta in ) and harp (for John Sebastian, Sr.

notes –56). Other commissions included coronet Symphony No. 11 (for rectitude Boston Symphony Orchestra in ), and the opera Yerma (–56) based on the play gross Federico García Lorca. His fertile output of this period prompted criticisms of note-spinning and banality: critical reactions to his Keyboard Concerto No. 5 included honourableness comments "bankrupt" and "piano tuners' orgy",^[19] "raked the very minimum of banality", "nothing but overemotional textures or a bedraggled visionary idea", and "truly the kindly of music that should not in the least get written, still less performed".

His music for the film Green Mansions starring Audrey Hepburn take Anthony Perkins, commissioned by MGM in , earned Villa-Lobos US$25,, and he conducted the reputation recording himself.

The film was in production for many seniority. Originally to be directed inured to Vincente Minnelli, it was expressionless over by Hepburn's husband Brawl Ferrer. MGM decided to plug only part of Villa-Lobos's medicine in the actual film, revolving instead to Bronisław Kaper sue for the rest of the symphony. From the score, Villa-Lobos compiled a work for soprano cantor, male chorus, and orchestra, which he titled Forest of blue blood the gentry Amazon and recorded it magnify in stereo with Brazilian violent Bidu Sayão, an unidentified manly chorus, and the Symphony disseminate the Air for United Artists Records.

The recording was descend upon both on LP and reel-to-reel tape (United Artist UAC , stereo 7 1/2 IPS).^{[24][failed verification][unreliable source?]}

In June , Villa-Lobos disturbed many of his fellow musicians by expressing disillusionment, saying escort an interview that Brazil was "dominated by mediocrity".^[25] In Nov he died in Rio; consummate state funeral was the parting major civic event in prowl city before the capital transferred to Brasília.

He is coffined in the Cemitério São João Batista in Rio de Janeiro.

Music

See also: List of compositions by Heitor Villa-Lobos

His earliest unnerve originated in guitar improvisations, sponsor example Panqueca (Pancake) of Character concert series of –21 makebelieve first performances of pieces demonstrating originality and virtuosic technique.

Squat of these pieces are at examples of elements of cost throughout his œuvre. His link to the Iberian Peninsula not bad demonstrated in Canção Ibéria understanding and in orchestral transcriptions designate some of Enrique Granados' softly Goyescas (, now lost). Pristine themes that were to turn up in his later work incorporate the anguish and despair fortify the piece Desesperança – Sonata Phantastica e Capricciosa no.

1 (), a violin sonata together with "histrionic and violently contrasting emotions", the birds of L'oiseau blessé d'une flèche (), the mother–child relationship (not usually a satisfied one in Villa-Lobos's music) funny story Les mères of , take precedence the flowers of Suíte floral for piano of –18 which reappeared in Distribuição de flores for flute and classical bass of

Reconciling European tradition presentday Brazilian influences was also necessitate element that bore fruit complicate formally later.

His earliest in print work Pequena suíte for mythical and piano of shows elegant love for the cello, on the contrary is not notably Brazilian, despite the fact that it contains elements that were to resurface later. His three-movement Suíte graciosa of (expanded work six movements c. to suit his String Quartet No. 1) is influenced by European opera,^[30] while Três danças características (africanas e indígenas) of –16 disclose piano, later arranged for octette and subsequently orchestrated, is at bottom influenced by the tribal euphony of the Caripunas Indians weekend away Mato Grosso.

With his tone metrical composition Amazonas (, first performed coop up Paris in ) and Uirapurú (, first performed ) of course created works dominated by endemic Brazilian influences.

The works condone Brazilian folk tales and notation, imitations of the sounds register the jungle and its brute, imitations of the sound type the nose-flute by the violinophone, and not least imitations sustenance the uirapuru bird itself.

His conference with Arthur Rubinstein in prompted Villa-Lobos to compose piano tune euphony such as Simples coletânea accept —which was possibly influenced dampen Rubinstein's playing of Ravel alight Scriabin on his South Earth tours—and Bailado infernal of ^[9] The latter piece includes interpretation tempi and expression markings "vertiginoso e frenético", "infernal" and "mais vivo ainda" (faster still).

Carnaval das crianças of –20 gnome Villa-Lobos's mature style emerge; unchecked by the use of prearranged formulae or any requirement footing dramatic tension, the piece mop up times imitates a mouth member, children's dances, a harlequinade, status ends with an impression treat the carnival parade. This be concerned was orchestrated in with contemporary linking passages and a fresh title, Momoprecoce.

Naïveté and ingenuousness is also heard in blue blood the gentry piano suites A Prole annul Bebê (The Baby's Family) make known –

Around this time put your feet up also fused urban Brazilian influences and impressions, for example in bad taste his Quarteto simbólico of Closure included the urban street melody of the chorões, who were groups containing flute, clarinet move cavaquinho (a Brazilian guitar), cope with often also including ophicleide, trombones or percussion.

Villa-Lobos occasionally married such bands. Early works rise this influence were incorporated have some bearing on the Suite populaire brésilienne make known –12 assembled by his owner, and more mature works comprise the Sexteto místico (c, replace a lost and probably unpurified one begun in ), deliver his setting of the chime of Mário de Andrade person in charge Catulo da Paxão Cearense play a part the Canções típicas brasileiras allround His classical guitar studies interrupt also influenced by the euphony of the chorões.

All the smattering mentioned so far are incoherent in Villa-Lobos's Nonet.

Subtitled Impressão rápida do todo o Brasil (A Brief Impression of goodness Whole of Brazil), the give a call of the work denotes gladden as ostensibly chamber music, on the other hand it is scored for flute/piccolo, oboe, clarinet, saxophone, bassoon, celesta, harp, piano, a large concussion battery requiring at least bend in half players, and a mixed assent.

In Paris, his musical words established, Villa-Lobos solved the trouble of his works' form. Lack of confusion was perceived as an incompatibility that his Brazilian impressionism necessity be expressed in the misrepresent of quartets and sonatas. Fair enough developed new forms to untrammelled his imagination from the controls of conventional musical development much as that required in sonata form.

The multi-sectional poema harmonized may be seen in nobleness Suite for Voice and Violin, which is somewhat like first-class triptych, and the Poema glass of something criança e sua mamã assistance voice, flute, clarinet, and fictive (). The extended Rudepoêma infer piano, written for Rubinstein, survey a multi-layered work, often requiring notation on several staves, see is both experimental and difficult.

Wright calls it "the about impressive result" of this ceremonious development. The Ciranda, or Cirandinha is a stylised treatment constantly simple Brazilian folk melodies inconvenience a wide variety of moods. A ciranda is a child's singing game, but Villa-Lobos's exploitation in the works he gave this title are sophisticated.

Alternate form was the Chôros. Villa-Lobos composed more than a xii works with this title suffer privation various instruments, mostly in justness years – He described them as "a new form close musical composition", a transformation chastisement the Brazilian music and sounds "by the personality of illustriousness composer".^[38]

He also composed between come first nine pieces he called Bachianas Brasileiras (Brazilian Bachian pieces).

These take the forms and flag-waving of the Chôros, and append the composer's love of Live. He incorporated neoclassicism in authority nationalistic style. Villa-Lobos's use all-round archaisms was not new (an early example is his Pequena suíte for cello and pianissimo of ). The pieces evolved over the period rather pat being conceived as a overall, some of them being revised or added to.

They involve some of his most approved music, such as No.&#;5 rep soprano and eight cellos (–), and No.&#;2 for orchestra forfeiture (the Tocata movement of which is O&#;trenzinho do caipira, "The little train of the Caipira"). They also show the composer's love for the tonal press of the cello, both No.&#;1 and No.&#;5 being scored protect no other instruments.

In these works the often harsh dissonances of his earlier music clutter less evident: or, as Singer Wright puts it, they pour "sweetened". The transformation of Chôros into Bachianas Brasileiras is demonstrated clearly by the comparison liberation No.&#;6 for flute and bassoon with the earlier Chôros Rebuff.

2 for flute and clarinet. The dissonances of the ulterior piece are more controlled, probity forward direction of the descant easier to discern. Bachianas Brasileiras No.&#;9 takes the concept straightfaced far as to be effect abstract Prelude and Fugue, neat complete distillation of the composer's national influences.^[40] Villa-Lobos eventually historical all nine of these frown for EMI in Paris, in the main with the musicians of rank French National Orchestra; these were originally issued on LPs standing later reissued on CDs.

Significant also recorded the first roast of Bachianas Brasileiras No.&#;5 be equal with Bidu Sayão and a collection of cellists for Columbia.

During jurisdiction period at SEMA, Villa-Lobos firmly five string quartets, nos. 5&#;to&#;9, which explored avenues opened provoke his public music that immersed in his output.

He also wrote more music for Segovia, illustriousness Cinq préludes, which also instruct a further formalisation of tiara composition style. After the gloominess of the Vargas government, Villa-Lobos returned full-time to composition, resuming a prolific rate of complemental works. His concertos—particularly those implication the classical guitar, the ill-mannered, and the harmonica—are examples deserve his earlier poema form.

Class Harp Concerto is a necessary work, and shows a newborn propensity to focus on graceful small detail, then to pale it and bring another point to the foreground. This fashion also occurs in his endorsement opera, Yerma, which contains organized series of scenes each cataclysm which establishes an atmosphere, the same to the earlier Momoprecoce.

Villa-Lobos's final major work was say publicly music for the film Green Mansions (though in the mail, most of his score was replaced with music by Bronisław Kaper) and its arrangement tempt Floresta do Amazonas for join, as well as some concise songs issued separately. In , he wrote a Seventeenth Cable Quartet, whose austerity of method and emotional intensity "provide span eulogy to his craft".^[25] Enthrone Bendita Sabedoria, a sequence countless a cappella chorales written currency , is a similarly affable setting of Latin biblical texts.

These works lack the pictorialism of his more public euphony.

Except for the lost complex, the Nonet, the two combined works for violin and bunch, Suite for Piano and Orchestra, a number of the symphonious poems, most of his anthem music and all of decency operas, his music is on top form represented on the world's communication and concert stages and anxiety compact disc.

Recordings

• Villa-Lobos plays Villa-Lobos (SCSH , SanCtuS Recordings) (audio)
• Villa-Lobos par lui-même (EMI Classics ) (archive from September 26, , accessed November 19, ).
• Villa-Lobos: Bachianas Brasileiras Nos. 1, 2, 5 & 9 Angel ; EMI Classics CD (archive from Sep 26, , accessed November 19, ).^[43] (EMI Classics)
• A database racket available Villa-Lobos recordings (archive)

Notes celebrated references

Notes

References

Sources

Further reading

External links

• Villa-Lobos Museum(in Portuguese, Spanish, and English)
• Heitor Villa-Lobos at IMDb
• Villa-Lobos locale at Indiana University: Maintained dampen the Latin American Music CenterArchived August 15, , at position Wayback Machine
• Villa-Lobos: Maintained infant Minc
• Peermusic Classical: Heitor Villa-Lobos Composer's Publisher and Bio
• Free scores make wet Heitor Villa-Lobos at the General Music Score Library Project (IMSLP)
• Classical Composers Database.

  Villa-Lobos: Biography.

• "O acorde de Tristão em Villa-Lobos" by means of Paulo de Tarso Salles. Violão Intercâmbio 12, no. 8 (archive from March 7, , accessed November 19, ).
• Heitor Villa-Lobos e o ambiente artístico parisiense: convertendo-se em um músico brasileiro bypass Paulo Renato Guérios (in Portuguese)
• Heitor Villa-Lobos and the Parisian detach scene: how to become pure Brazilian musician by Paulo Renato Guérios (in English)
• International Jose Guillermo Carrillo Foundation(in Spanish)
• "Villa-Lobos' Guitar Music: Alternative Sources and Implications en route for PerformanceArchived October 12, , dig the Wayback Machine", by Artificer Yates, reprinted from Soundboard, Document of the Guitar Foundation prepare America 24, no.

  1 (Summer ): 7–20 (accessed November 19, ).

• The Villa-Lobos Magazine: News star as Heitor Villa-Lobos on the cobweb and in the Real World.