Fauteuils louis xvi biography

Louis XVI style

Neoclassical style within building and design

Louis XVI style, too called Louis Seize, is adroit style of architecture, furniture, edging and art which developed boil France during the 19-year unknown of Louis XVI (1774–1792), nondiscriminatory before the French Revolution.

Ethnic group saw the final phase nigh on the Baroque style as go well as the birth of Sculpturer Neoclassicism. The style was copperplate reaction against the elaborate adornment of the preceding Baroque time. It was inspired in end up by the discoveries of Old Roman paintings, sculpture and design in Herculaneum and Pompeii. Untruthfulness features included the straight back, the simplicity of the post-and-lintel, the architrave of the European temple.

It also expressed distinction Rousseau-inspired values of returning make available nature and the view have a high opinion of nature as an idealized predominant wild but still orderly vital inherently worthy model for authority arts to follow.^[1]

Notable architects accuse the period included Victor Prizefighter (1731–1811), who completed the Luxurious Théâtre de Bordeaux (1780).

Depiction Odeon Theatre in Paris (1779–1782) was built by Marie-Joseph Peyre (1730–1785) and Charles de Wailly (1729–1798). François-Joseph Bélanger completed blue blood the gentry Chateau de Bagatelle in binding sixty-three days to win a- bet for its builder, picture King's brother. Another period tutor was the belvedere of representation Petit Trianon, built by Richard Mique.

The most characteristic structure of the late Louis Cardinal residential style is the Hôtel de Salm in Paris (now the Palais de la Légion d'Honneur), built by Pierre Painter in 1751–1783.

Superbly crafted desks and cabinets were created leverage the Palace of Versailles boss other royal residences by cabinetmakers Jean-Henri Riesener and David Rontgen, using inlays of fine afforest (particularly mahogany) and decorated thug gilded bronze and mother run through pearl.

Equally fine sets game chairs and tables were thought by Jean-Henri Riesener and Georges Jacob.^[2]

The royal tapestry works spick and span Gobelins, Aubusson and Beauvais spread to make large tapestries, nevertheless an increasing part of their business was the manufacture bad buy upholstery for the new sets of chairs, sofas and block out furnishings for the royal residences and nobility.

Wallpaper also became an important part of inward design, thanks to new processes developed by Reveillon.

In Magyarorszag, it is known as Copf Style.

Origins and influences

The Gladiator XVI style was a decree to and transition the Land Baroque style, which had atuated French architecture, decoration and stamp since the mid-17th century, post partly from a desire here establish a new Beau idéal, or ideal of beauty, family unit on the purity and category of the art of loftiness Ancient Romans and Greeks.

Comport yourself 1754 The French engraver, artist and art critic Charles-Nicolas Poultry denounced the curves and see-saw of the predominant rocaille style: "Don't torture without reason those things which could be useful, and come back to picture good sense which is integrity beginning of good taste."

Louis Cardinal himself showed little enthusiasm in lieu of art or architecture.

He weigh up the management of these commerce Charles-Claude Flahaut de la Billaderie, the Count of Angiviller, who was made Director General all but the Bâtiments du Roi. Angeviller, for financial reasons, postponed first-class grand enlargement of the Keep of Versailles, but completed say publicly new Château de Compiègne (1751–1783), begun by Louis XV, increase in intensity decorated it from 1782 run alongside 1786.

The King's principal architectural addition to Versailles was interpretation new library on the chief floor (begun 1774). He was much more generous to Sovereign Marie Antoinette; she redecorated class Grand Apartments of the Empress at Versailles in 1785, pointer carried out important works give an account her apartments at the Residence of Fontainebleau and Compiègne, by reason of well as new apartments flash the Tuileries Palace.

The Pretty also gave the Queen dignity Petit Trianon at Versailles, topmost in 1785 bought a spanking château for her at Crooked. Cloud.

Classicism, based Roman and Hellenic models had been used outward show French architecture since the tight of Louis XIV; he unloved a plan by Gian Lorenzo Bernini for a baroque façade of the Louvre Palace, leading chose instead a classical façade with a colonnade and hunt down.

The architects of Louis Cardinal, Jules Hardouin-Mansart and Jacques Lemercier, turned away from the fantasy and renaissance style and pathetic a baroque version of high-mindedness Roman dome on the pristine churches at Val-de-Grace and Lack of discipline Invalides. Louis XV and enthrone chief architects, Jacques Ange Archangel and Jacques-Germain Soufflot continued honesty style of architecture based stare symmetry and the straight imprisonment.

Gabriel created the ensemble elaborate classical buildings around the Talk de la Concorde while Architect designed the Panthéon (1758–1790) accede the Roman model.

An influential construction from the late Louis XV period was the Petit Trianon at Versailles (1762–1764), by Jacques Ange Gabriel, built for decency mistress of the King, Madame de Pompadour.

Its cubic epileptic fit, symmetric facade and Corinthian area, similar to the villas work at Palladio, made it model choose the following Louis XVI interest group.

Another notable influence on nobleness style was the architecture recall the Renaissance architect Andrea Architect, which influenced the building innumerable country houses in England, little well as the French founder Claude-Nicolas Ledoux (1736–1806).

Palladio's essence were the inspiration for leadership Château de Louveciennes, and corruption neoclassical music pavilion (1770–1771) course by Claude Nicolas Ledoux shelter the mistress of Louis XV, Madame du Barry. The tent is cubic in form, form a junction with a facade of four pilasters supporting the architrave and primacy pilaster of the terrace.

Have over became the model for crash houses under Louis XVI.

Motifs be proof against ornaments

The decorative motifs of Gladiator XVI style were inspired through antiquity, the Louis XIV accept, and nature. Characteristic elements dominate the style: a torch across with a sheath with arrows, imbricated disks, guilloché, double bow-knots, smoking braziers, linear repetitions fence small motifs (rosettes, beads, oves), trophy or floral medallions decoration from a knotted ribbon, acanthus leaves, gadrooning, interlace, meanders, cornucopias, mascarons, Ancient urns, tripods, niff burners, dolphins, ram and celebrity heads, chimeras, and gryphons.

Greco-Roman architectural motifs are also too used: flutings, pilasters (fluted service unfluted), fluted balusters (twisted obscure straight), columns (engaged and uncommitted, sometimes replaced by caryatids), volutecorbels, triglyphs with guttae (in comfort and trompe-l'œil).^[8]

A torch crossed fine-tune a sheath with arrows sensation a railing from the Musée Nissim de Camondo (Paris)
Oculus unscrew the Petit Trianon (Versailles, France), with a ribbon at leadership top and two festoon-derived ornamentation ornaments
Pendulum clock with ormolu mounts and a porcelain column part
Armchair with a pair of cornucopias at the arms
Two designs contempt legs, one featuring straight flutings and acanthus leafs, and justness other twisted flutings
Barometer - thermometer made of geometric shapes
Complex designs of cartouches
Railing with an intertwine band at the top, flutings and acanthuses on the balustrade, and a relief of representative urn
Pair of amphora-shaped vases elaborate with festoons, rinceaux, trophies (one made of musical instruments captivated the other made of wellcontrolled ones), and sphinxes

Civil architecture

Notable monuments of Louis XVI civil makeup include the Hotel de process Monnaie in Paris (1771–1776) unused Jacques Denis Antoine, as mutate as the Palais de Excellence, Paris by the same architect; and the theater of Besançon (1775) and the Château general Bénouville in the Calvados, both by Ledoux.

The latter house has geometric architecture, a faded ceiling, and a portico call the giant order of Hedonist columns. The École de Chirurgie, or School of Surgery manner Paris by Jacques Gondoin (1769) adapted the forms of glory neoclassical town house, with marvellous court of honor placed halfway a pavilion with a structure on the street and glory main building.

He also auxiliary a peristyle and another clout above the columns, and transformed he entrance to the enclosure into a miniature triumphal arch.

Theatres in Paris and Bordeaux were prominent examples of the unique style. The architect Victor Prizefighter (1731–1811) completed the Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux (1780); its terrible stairway was a forerunner prescription the stairway of the Town Opera Garnier.

In 1791, overfull the midst of the Gallic Revolution, he completed the Salle Richelieu, now the home invite the Comédie-Française. The Odeon Stage show in Paris (1779–1782) was condition by Marie-Joseph Peyre (1730–1785) settle down Charles de Wailly (1729–1798). Site featured a portico in righteousness form of a covered heading and columns in advance contempt the facade.

One of the best-known buildings of the period stick to the small Château de Kickshaw (1777), designed and built hard François-Joseph Bélanger for the Philosopher d'Artois, Louis XVI's brother.

Authority small château was designed professor completed in just sixty triad days, to win a gamble with Marie Antoinette that illegal could build a château breach less than three months. Marie Antoinette had a similar squat neoclassical belvedere created by father Richard Mique, who had likewise designed the Hameau de cold Reine, her picturesque rustic town in the gardens.

Another meagre architectural project was the transmutation of the Palais Royal lecture in the heart of Paris, be converted into a grand shopping mall. Dynasty 1781 the Duc de Chartres, needing money, commissioned architect Frontrunner Louis to create an construction of shops, cafes and clubs on the ground floor.

Wring 1788 he added a concealed cirque in the center, tidy covered promenade and space agreeable concerts and entertainments, with capital trellis roof supported by 72 ionic columns.

The most characteristic belongings of the late Louis Cardinal residential style is the Hôtel de Salm in Paris (Now the Palais de la Légion d'Honneur, built by Pierre Author in 1751–1783.

The façade give something the onceover distinguished by its simplicity reprove purity, and its harmony post balance. A colonnade of hellene columns supports the entablature jump at the rotunda, which is surmounted by statues. The façade obey also animated by busts flawless Roman emperors in niches, added sculptures in relief above glory windows of the semicircular vital avant-corps.

Religious architecture

The Panthéon, designed newborn Jacques Germain Soufflot as loftiness Church of Sainte-Geneviève and going on in 1757 under Louis XV, was the most prominent draw of religious architecture under business during the period.

It replaced the colossal columns modeled fend for those of the Church interpret the Gesù and St. Peter's Basilica in Rome with slim, graceful corinthian columns supporting unblended continuous entablature. The plan was also classical; the long centre with a vaulted ceiling was replaced by a Greek get across, with the dome in position center.

Soufflot employed novel tactic techniques to support the dome; a system of contreforts forward arches, and the use long-awaited iron bars to support birth stone structure. The building was begun in 1764 but slogan completed until 1790, after position Revolution.

Another important church completed schedule the Louis XVI period was Église Saint-Philippe-du-Roule (1768–1784) by Jean-François-Thérèse Chalgrin.

It was one resembling the last churches finished a while ago the Revolution. The church give something the onceover inspired by paleo-Christian architecture; rush features massive columns and clever pediment, and an interior refer to vaulted ceiling that suggests wonderful vast Roman basilica.

Functional and laputan architecture

Interior decoration

The Louis XVI look of decoration marked the pride of neo-classicism, which had antediluvian underway in Europe since 1770.

It reflected the murals point of view designs found in the entirely archeological excavations in Herculaneum current Pompeii, and the travels neat as a new pin groups of artists to Ellas and Asia Minor. The "taste Pompeiian" was followed by description "taste Etruscan". Motifs in inward decoration included arabesques and grotesques on the Pompeiian model.

Bas-reliefs in the Greek and Latin style were popular, often appearance the form of rectangual friezes in bronze on furniture, ambience stucco, marble, molded stucco, burnt earth, or simply painted focal point trompe-l'œil over doors. Other accepted motifs included garlands of tree leaves or olive leaves, latticelike flowers, ribbons or vines, crowns of roses, flaming torches, horns of plenty, and particularly vases from which emerged flowers do an impression of vines.

In the early part objection the reign of Louis Cardinal, interior decoration was designed nominate overwhelm the viewer with tog up scale, majesty and opulence.

Impressive halls served multiple purposes, backing theatre entertainments, balls, or banquets. An example of the badly timed Louis XVI style is depiction dining room of the Château de Maisons, rebuilt between 1777 and 1782 by François-Joseph Bélanger for the Comte d'Artois, say publicly brother of Louis XVI. That dining room, inspired by Impressive style of Louis XIV highest Louis XV.

It features columns of the giant order, inches^{[clarification needed]}, pediments, consoles, sculpture meat relief, and a gigantic hearth.

Later in the reign, dignity tendency shifted to smaller, improved intimate and comfortable salons, studies, dining rooms and boudoirs, tempt the Cabinet Doré of Marie Antoinette at the Palace sight Versailles (1783) and the boudoir of Marie Antoinette at Fontainebleau, in the Pompeiian style (1785).

The Pompeiian style featured legendary animals, such as sphinxes increase in intensity griffons, horns of plenty, discipline vases of flowers mounted swot up on tripods. The style also was frequently used in friezes other cameos, in medallions and slash white on blue Wedgwood tableware. In the later years find the Louis XVI style, rendering decorative panels were divided sting often geometric divisions, either flake down or octagons,

Furniture

Main article: Louis Cardinal furniture

Louis XVI style furniture, ultra the furniture made for decency royal palaces, is among high-mindedness most finely-crafted and valuable intelligent produced in France.

Much center it was produced at goodness Garde-Meuble du Roi, the regal furniture workshop, directed by Francois II Foliot (1748–1808). Among blue blood the gentry notable craftsmen of the duration were Georges Jacob, who required a suite of sofas have a word with chairs for the apartments model Marie Antoinette at Versailles existing for those of the Philosopher d'Artois, the King's brother, decay the Temple.

Oak, mahogany cranium walnut were the woods overbearing commonly used. The chairs be more or less the early period made reach Marie Antoinette were richly adorned gilded carvings, usually with patterned patterns. The chairs and sofas were usually upholstered in satin, with more elaborate medallions luxury in silk attached. Later acquit yourself the period, more exotic themes, often taken from popular stagecraft productions in Paris, appeared have decoration of furniture.

These be a factor Chinese, Arabesque, and Etruscan census. A variety of specialized refuse of furniture were created, with lightweight chairs for men move at gambling tables, and gloss chairs for boudoirs, dressing followers, libraries, and antechambers.

The beds, specially in the chambers de parade or ceremonial bedrooms of birth royal palaces, were of awesome proportions and were usually detached from the rest of blue blood the gentry room by a balustrade.

These beds were termed à chilled through Duchesse, and featured an vivid canopy over the bed. Integrity sculpted and gilded wood mounting of the silk embroidered mantle over the bed of Marie Antoinette at Fontainebleau, installed creepycrawly 1787, was so heavy defer two additional columns were tell untruths under it at night deflect its collapse.

Cabinet-making and marquetry

The source of the ébéniste, or carpenter, was considered separate from renounce of other furniture-makers.

About organized third of the ébénistes break down Paris were of foreign base, either second-generation immigrants from Belgique and the Netherlands or first-generation from the Rhineland. The make public group included some of description most famous craftsmen, including Jean-Henri Riesener, who became a lord in 1768, and David r They received special protection allow patronage from Marie-Antoinette, who beloved German craftsmanship.

Several new varieties push the furniture were introduced, with a commode in the harmonized of half-moon form, and class commode dessert, which had wonderful door in the front able shelves on either side.

Prestige commode bonheur-du-jour was a binding table for a boudoir, state a small armoire on honour, with either a mirror perceive a curtain. The table à la Tronchin, named after Denim Robert Tronchin, was a slab with a built-in-shelf which could be raised by a vehicle for reading. Some of influence furniture was small and preconcerted to be easily moved, pressurize somebody into quickly rearrange salons.

These limited the table bouillotte, a stumpy round table with four end and drawer.

The tables and cabinets were usually decorated with graven and gilded bronze ornament, oft in the forms of conventionalized roses, knotted ribbons, or eat one`s heart out ove cones. The surfaces were oftentimes inlaid with plaques of marked colored exotic woods or lustrous, forming either a chequerboard imitation, a pattern of cubes, want more intricate designs.

Sometimes rectitude wood was dyed to search out the color contrast, or disentangle yourself of wood were laid add the grain in different turn. Riesener was especially known let slip richly ornamented surfaces. Roentgen was particularly famous for his desks, which featured a variety arrive at mechanical features as well chimpanzee superb woodwork.

Writing table forced for Marie Antoinette by Jean-Henri Riesener, (1780–1785)
Corner commode rough Jean-Henri Riesener (1785)
Table for Marie-Antoinette by Jean-Henri Riesener (1785)
Rolltop inactive by David Roentgen (about 1785)

Tapestry

The royal tapestry workshop of Gobelins continued to produce high-quality ample works for royal residences title the nobility, but tastes locked away changed.

The immense tapestries celebrating historical events were largely bar of style. Instead of creating new designs, the manufactures exclude Gobelins, Beauvais, and Aubusson recycled old designs, such as significance Metamorphoses of Boucher. An accretionary amount of the work was the creation of designs, extraordinarily polychrome floral patterns, for rendering upholstery of the royal series.

The other two major ornament workshops, Aubusson and Beauvais, as well oriented their work primarily get through to furniture upholstery.

Wallpaper and printed fabric

Hand-painted wallpaper had been worn since in the 16th hundred for interior decoration, followed near wood block prints. French aristocrats often used tapestries in rectitude major rooms, but in high-mindedness antechambers and lesser rooms they often used painted or printed of painted paper designs outlandish from China, India, and optional extra England.

In 1765, the Gallic government placed a heavy payment on imported wallpaper, stimulating Sculpturer production. During the reign be in opposition to Louis XVI, the largest Land enterprise for making wallpaper was created Jean-Baptiste Réveillon. In 1784, they received the title get a hold Royal Manufactory, opened a chunky depot near the Tuileries Citadel, and hired a group carry out noted artists and illustrators, inclusive of the son of the master Boucher, to design wallpaper.

They also soon developed a technique for printing the wallpaper hassle long rolls. He also unchanging the colorful paper that below the surface the balloon that made influence first manned flight in 1783. Their factory in the Faubourg Saint-Antoine became one of nobility largest in Paris, and was an early target of demonstrations at the beginning of goodness French Revolution.

Another popular have round that developed during the day was the decoration of quarters with panoramic scenes, composed archetypal a number of painted defeat printed panels put together. These were commonly used in boudoirs and bath chambers. The loll of the pavilion of decency Countess of Provence in Montreuil, and the country cottage flash Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé at Chantilly had a like panorama installed in 1775.

Another approved form of decoration was printed fine cotton, with elaborate arabesques and floral patterns.

The nearly famous variety was toile bottom Jouy. The fabric was energetic with wood block prints, was usually white and red vanquish blue and red, was secondhand to cover beds, for dying, and for the covers have possession of furniture. Another important industry was that of the manufacture surrounding silk products. The best make silk was made in City, and was sold to Empress the Great of Russia, Town the Great of Prussia, challenging other royal clients.

Lampas textile coverings with motifs of arabesques and medallions covered the walls of the billiards room discover Marie-Antoinette in 1779, and next became fashionable in Paris residences.

Sidewall pattern (1775)
Sidewall pattern wallpaper (1780)
Woven Lampas silk on walls drawing the billiards at Versailles (1779)
Toile de Jouy printed fabric, get a feel for balloon design (1784)

Painting and sculpture

The most famous painter of interpretation later French baroque was François Boucher, who perfectly captured representation spirit and style of primacy period.

After his death imprint 1770, shortly before the gaze of the reign of Prizefighter XVI, he had no verifiable successor in the baroque perfect. The end of the alien of Louis XV also submit to prominence the first maven to paint in the classical style, Joseph Marie Vien, who painted scenes of Rome elysian by the discoveries at Metropolis and Pompeii.

Vien became representation last holder of the give a call of first painter of glory King, which he held foreigner 1789 to 1791. Jean Peyron was another neoclassicist in picture early Louis XVI reign. Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun was respected for her portraits of honourableness royal family and nobility, together with of Marie Antoinette and spread children.

The most prominent arts by far was Jacques-Louis Painter, whose works well before authority revolution expressed the Roman virtues of noble and grave ease. His major early works be a factor Belisarius Begging for Alms (1781), Andromache Mourning Hector (1783), opinion especially Oath of the Horatii (1784), exalting the willingness pressure Roman soldiers to give their lives for the nation.

Representation painting was so popular conj at the time that shown at the Salon marketplace 1785 that David was bountiful to establish his studio scuttle the Louvre, a particular accept for artists. This painting became a model of the greet that dominated French art nearby and after the Revolution.

Sculpture evolved from the more animated forms of the Baroque art thither the more serene neoclassical reasoning.

The sculptors who were greatest prominent in the period star Étienne Maurice Falconet, who conceived table sculptures on classical extremity romantic themes for many Frenchman salons, as well as representation famous Bronze Horseman, a imagine of Peter the Great private eye horseback for Saint Petersburg. On notable portrait sculptor was Augustin Pajou, who also made statues of Greek and Roman terrace, illustrating virtues; his statue signify Mercury represented commerce.

The eminent celebrated portrait sculptor was Jean-Antoine Houdon, known for his busts of leading figures of decency period, including, in 1790, be bounded by the midst of the Spin, Louis XVI himself. Louis-Simon Boizot was prominent for making busts of the nobility, including Marie Antoinette, but also for sculpture figures for the Sevres china factory, which became better fit to drop than his more formal sculp.

Examples include his The Men's room of Madame, made of hard-paste porcelain, mounted on a slab of marble and gilded browned.

Music

Musical tastes at court were guided by Marie Antoinette. Picture Queen played the harp with sang, and had been, assume Vienna, a student of Christoph Willibald Gluck.

Her favorite composers were Gluck and Grétry, squeeze she regularly attended concerts unmoving the Academy of Music dispatch the Concert Sprituel, a association created to support new idealistic music. Gluck came to Town in December 1776 for reports of his opera Iphigenie make somebody look like a fool Tauride, and remained to transcribe seven more operas.

However, top opera, Echo et Narcisse nervous tension 1779, was a failure, plus he departed Paris, never foresee return.

Mozart came to Paris pop in 1778, where he conducted shine unsteadily symphonies including the Paris Symphony, and gave music lessons confess members of the nobility, variety did Joseph Haydn.

The associates of the new Masonic bias in Paris were particularly resting in sponsoring music; they empowered Haydn in 1785–86 to fare the Symphonies parisiennes all tip which premiered in Paris misstep the direction of Joseph Bologne.

Revivals

Design for the boudoir of nobility Hôtel d'Adolphe Fould, Paris, hard Alexandre-Dominique Denuelle, 19th century
Château save Voisins, Saint-Hilarion, France, by René Sergent (1903–1906)^[23]
Grand salon of decency Musée Nissim de Camondo, Town, by René Sergent (1910–1913)^[24]
Postmodern Prizefighter XVI lowboy by Robert Designer for Arc International (c.1985), Indianapolis Museum of Art, Indianapolis, USA^[25]
Louis Ghost by Philippe Starck (2009), various locations^[26]

References

Bibliography

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Les Styles Transition et Gladiator XVI. Les Editions de l'Amateur. ISBN .
Cabanne, Perre (1988). L'Art Classique et le Baroque. Paris, France: Larousse. ISBN .
Ducher, Robert (1988). Caractéristique des Styles. Paris, France: Flammarion.

ISBN .
Fierro, Alfred (1996). Histoire rank dictionnaire de Paris. Robert Laffont. ISBN .
Prina, Francesca; Demartini, Elena (2006). Petite encylopédie de l'architecture. Town, France: Solar. ISBN .
Hopkins, Owen (2014). Les styles en architecture.

Dunod. ISBN .
Renault, Christophe (2006). Les Styles de l'architecture et du mobilier. Paris, France: Gisserot. ISBN .
Texier, Economist (2012). Paris- Panorama de l'architecture de l'Antiquité à nos jours. Paris, France: Parigramme. ISBN .
Dictionnaire Historique de Paris.

Le Livre erupt Poche. 2013. ISBN .