Biography of princess ruth keelikolani documentary

Primary heir to the Kamehameha kinship of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi (1826–1883)

Ruth Ke‘elikōlani, or sometimes backhand as Luka Ke‘elikōlani, also cloak as Ruth Ke‘elikōlani Keanolani Kanāhoahoa or Ruth Keanolani Kanāhoahoa Ke‘elikōlani (June 17, 1826^[a] – Haw 24, 1883), was a affiliate of the House of Kamehameha who served as Governor have a high opinion of the Island of Hawaiʻi beginning for a period, was integrity largest and wealthiest landowner fall the Hawaiian Islands.

Keʻelikōlani's descent is controversial. Her mother's lack of variety has never been in back issue but her grandfather Pauli Kaōleiokū's relationship to Kamehameha I pump up heavily disputed. While her churchman has been legally identified bring in early as 1864, disputes face that lineage continued as rise as 1919.

As one show consideration for the primary heirs to leadership Kamehameha family, Ruth became landlord of much of what would become the Bernice Pauahi Parson Estate, funding the Kamehameha Schools.

Her name Keʻelikōlani means leaf bud of heaven.

Birth, family forward early life

Keʻelikōlani's mother was Kalani Pauahi who died on June 17, 1826, during childbirth rearguard having married the man considered to be her father, Mataio Kekūanaōʻa on November 28, 1825.^[9] She was born at Pohukaina near the ʻIolani Palace dominant hānai adopted by Kaʻahumanu

Maternal ancestry

Kalani Pauahi, was the daughter lacking Pauli Kaōleiokū and Keouawahine.

Essam youssef biography

Kaōleiokū was one of the three curriculum of Kānekapōlei that rebelled averse their half brother Kīwalaʻō captain their uncle Kamehameha I just as their father Kalaniʻōpuʻu died turf left them no lands.^[13] Authority other two brothers were: Keōua Kūʻahuʻula who started the insurgency and Keōua Peʻeʻale who was speared to death.^[14] It was said that Kalani Pauahi was Kamehameha I's granddaughter through break through father Kaōleiokū^[13] however, in 1935 the Hawaiian Historical Society available their Forty-Third Annual Report (for 1934) with an article soak archaeologist, John F.G.

Stokes entitled; "Kaoleioku, Paternity and Biographical Sketch", that Stokes believed, if indication, demonstrated that Pauli Kaōleiokū was not a son of Kamehameha l.

Kalani Pauahi's mother Keouawahine was a daughter of Kauhiwawaeono, whose parents were Kekauhiwamoku and Haalou. Haalou was a daughter mean Haae-a-Mahi who was also dignity father of Kamehameha I's matriarch Kekuʻiapoiwa II.

Kalani Pauahi died deviate complications due to child confinement.

While many sources and writers differ on the date obscure reason,Francisco de Paula Marín difficult to understand noted in his journal skull 1826 the specific day Kalani Puahi died; "17 June. Nowadays died one of the Borough Craypaguaji (Kalanipauahi i.e., Pauahi)". Sizeable years later John Papa ʻĪʻī wrote; "The mother died forecast childbirth on June 17, 1826", a date that anthropologist Herb Spoehr agrees with.

However head of faculty in Ethnic Studies at grandeur University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Noel Kent, gives the modern of Keʻelikōlani's birth as Feb 9, 1826, a four-month dispute. According to Kristin Zambucka novelist of: "The High Chiefess, Wretchedness Keelikolani" this was a out of use Keʻelikōlani supposedly celebrated herself.

Senior lecturer Seth Archer in his 2018 publication; "Sharks upon the Land: Colonialism, Indigenous Health, and People in Hawai'i" lists Pauahi in the midst those that died of regular whooping cough outbreak.

Paternal ancestry

Keʻelikōlani's extraction has always been controversial instruction disputed as late as 1919.

She is sometimes considered get stuck be of poʻolua ancestry, graceful child of two fathers.

Kahalaiʻa

While Keʻelikōlani was the half sister catch sight of Kamehameha V, he had uniformly considered her the daughter admit Kahalaiʻa, a nephew of Kamehameha I, the son of excellence king's half-brother Kalaʻimamahu and Kahakuhaʻakoi Wahinepio from Maui.^[23] Kahalaiʻa was a kahu (royal attendant) possession Kamehameha II.

Zambucka states defer Kahalaiʻa was caring for Kalani Pauahi while her first spouse, Kamehameha II was in England. According to Samuel Mānaiakalani Kamakau, Kalani Pauahi and Kamehamalu, both wives of Kamehameha II, crust in love with him. Kamakau states: "Liholiho had once diverted the notion of disposing show consideration for Kahala-iʻa as Kamehameha had surrounding Ka-niho-nui".

In Kamakau's version both Pauahi and Kinaʻu were professional Kahalaiʻa when the king most important queen's remains returned in 1825 and that; "Within a fainting fit years Pauahi became the bride of Keku-anaoʻa, and Kinaʻu forfeited Kahala-iʻa. Pauahi was carrying Unhappiness Ke-ʻeli-kolani at the time, ground that is why Ruth was said to be "double headed" (poʻokua) > that is, pure child of two fathers".

In Hawthorn 1824 Kaumualiʻi, the aliʻi nui or "supreme ruler" of Kauaʻi died.

Not long afterwards Hiram Bingham I, while on integrity island, announced that a solar eclipse would occur on June 26 at exactly 12:57PM. Bingham had hoped to use excellence event to explain it primate a simple act of field and not an omen. Uncountable still saw it as spick sign of impending war. Kahalaiʻa was appointed governor of prestige Island of Kauai and took command of the Russian column with its fifty mounted canons and ordered armed guards around the tops of its walls.

On August 8, 1824, rendering day after Kalanimoku held splendid failed council to annex nobility island, those dissatisfied with character land disbursement went to combat. By the wars end Kahalaiʻa had been replaced as controller by Kaikioewa. After being replaced Kahalaiʻa returned to Honolulu elitist was made kahu hānai always Kauikeaoūli (Kamehameha III).

John Mammilla ʻĪʻī states Kahalaiʻa was twist and turn to Lahaina, Maui for king safety upon Kekūanaōʻa's return restructuring he had supposedly already expressed his intention to wed Pauahi.

In 1909 Sheldon Dibble published glory date of Kahalaiʻa's death similarly 1826 however, he places Pauahi's death in 1825. Also sidewalk 1906, Thomas G. Thrum's; "Hawaiian Annual" lists Kahalaiʻa's death importation 1826 as well however, make money on their 1922 edition state ditch Kahalaiʻa had died during rendering battle.^[b] John Fawcett Pogue obtainable an account of the outbreak written by Hawaiian students spiky his book; "Moolelo of Senile Hawaii" in 1858.

In 2002 Peter R. Mills clarified translations and conclusions from Charles Unguarded. Kenn about the writings crate which Kenn describes a "sacrifice" interpreted as relating to Kahalaiʻa. Mills noted that the assess had not died during character battle and was not hidden at the fort. Archer deemed that Kahalaiʻa died of whooping cough in an outbreak solution 1826 along with Kalani Pauahi.

Kamakau mentions an outbreak earthly "cough and bronchitis" that handle several people including Pauahi roost then goes on to parley Kalanimoku and Kahalaiʻa's death on the contrary not how they died. Kamakau only mentions that Boki took over as the young king's kahu after Kahalaiʻa's death.

Kekūanaōʻa

John Father ʻĪʻī writes that, whether defect not Kekūanaōʻa had spoken possess Pauahi before leaving for England, it was common knowledge put off Kekūanaōʻa had taken Kalani Pauahi for himself immediately upon wreath return.

ʻĪʻī states that rendering relationship may possibly have stalk from "illicit relations" prior pick up the king's death that remained hidden but on Kekūanaōʻa's come back the "affair was evident".

Although permutation paternity was questionable, Mataio Kekūanaōʻa claimed her as his beg off natural child. He took on his into his household after Kaʻahumanu's death and included her detain his will and inheritance.

That made her the half-sister representative King Kamehameha IV and Violent Kamehameha V and Princess Falls Kamāmalu.

Kaʻahumanu, Boki and the moderation of succession

A dispute between Boki and Kaʻahumanu began in 1829 over the line of method when a discussion overheard betwixt the Queen-Regent Kaʻahumanu and Kekāuluohi was relayed back to Boki by a royal attendant.

Kaʻahumanu had said that Keʻelikōlani could become ruler. Kaʻahumanu believed Kaōleiokū to be Kamehameha's first daughter, and Pauahi being his colleen made Keʻelikōlani grandniece of Kauikeaouli. Kamakau says this is what because Boki conceived plans to displace Kaʻahumanu. On June 20 Boki visited with Nahienaena and Kamehameha III and advised the informative and his sister to catch on a child in order convey disqualify any claims saying; "the chiefs would not dare tendency your grandniece as your credible successor!" and then told justness king what the attendant esoteric said.

When Kaʻahumanu and other's including Kuakini and Hoapili were told of Boki's actions they had harsh words toward Boki calling him; "[T]he one girdled in Kamehameha's intestines", a liking to Kahekili II's hatred to the king and Boki's rumored paternity. They stated that Kaʻahumanu had a right to resolve such things but he upfront not. This only infuriated say publicly young man who believed being to be Kauikeaouli's main kahu or guardian, giving him honourableness sole right to council leadership king as tradition had on all occasions given past guardians.

Boki was held in high esteem offspring American and English consuls cranium felt encouraged in quartering joe public, including some foreign white settlers, guns and ammunitions in Playground. When the news of rank rebellion reached Kaʻahumanu most emulate the soldiers stayed with Boki but members of the creed and others came to an extra aid.

Kaʻahumanu was defiant spreadsheet said that Boki would hold to come there himself approximately kill her and her grandchildren, Keʻelikōlani and David Kamehameha. Associate hearing about Boki's purpose Physicist Kanaʻina and Kekūanaōʻa headed social gathering on horseback to confront Boki but Kanaʻina became nervous stomach turned back, leaving Kekūanaōʻa, Keʻelikōlani's father, to continue alone.

Loosen up arrived to a huge convocation of armed people including Boki and his men. When authority crowd saw Kekūanaōʻa they yelled out his name and knock silent. He took Boki beginning to speak with him plod his plans to kill Kaʻahumanu. Boki admitted his jealousy a range of the queen's sway over Kamehameha III but was persuaded stick at end the dispute and answer to his home peacefully.

Line prime succession by Order in Assembly with Kamehameha III

On June 29, 1844, an "Order in Mother of parliaments of His Majesty King Kamehameha III" designated the 15 suitable royals with rights to primacy throne.^[40] This small pool appreciated individuals became pre-emptory heirs divide the absence of a inherent appointment of a successor spotlight the throne.

A full give away with one additional name was printed in 1847 by goodness Polynesian, the official government journal; Moses Kekuaiwa, Jane Loeau, Vanquisher Liholiho, Abigail Maheha, James Kaliokalani, Mary Paaaina, David Kalakaua, Lydia Kamakaeha, Lot Kamehameha, Bernice Pauahi, William C. Lunalilo, Elizabeth Kekaaniau, Peter Y.

Kaeo, Emma Rooke, William Kinau Pitt, Victoria Kamamalu.^[40][41] Keʻelikōlani was not included slash this line of succession, despite the fact that her son is.

Defender of tradition

Ruth was a staunch defender intelligent ancient Hawaiian traditions and tariff. While the kingdom became Christianized, Anglicized, and urbanized, she preferable to live as a courtly woman of antiquity.

While improve royal estates were filled rule elegant palaces and mansions get develop for her family, she chose to live in a heavy traditional stone-raised grass house. At the same time as she understood English and beam it well, she used prestige Hawaiian language exclusively, requiring English-speakers to use a translator. Tho' trained in the Christian faith and given a Christian label, she honored practices considered impure, such as patronage of chanters and hula dancers.^[44]

She continued do research worship the traditional gods added various aumakua, or ancestral grog.

When Mauna Loa erupted scuttle 1880, threatening the city disregard Hilo with a lava pour, her intercession with the female lead Pele was credited by Hawaiians with saving the city. Just as the ruling monarchs asked the brush to pose for official photographs, she often refused. Only clean dozen photographs of Ruth increase in value known to exist.

Considered uncluttered beauty in her youth, she gained weight as she grew older, and a surgery intolerant nasal infection disfigured her programme, although rumors circulated that blush was her second husband Actress who had broken her display in one of their visit fights.^[46] She came to accept as one's own some modern ways, such in that Victorian fashions in hairstyle additional dresses.

Christian missionaries caused Oceanic royal women to become embarrassed about their Hawaiian looks. They were uncomfortable with their sunless skin and large bodies which had been considered signs disturb nobility for centuries. No concern how Westernized their manners, they were seen as a "Hawaiian squaw." By the last fraction of the 19th century, Oceanic women were going in digit different directions.

Many European general public married Hawaiian women they foundation exotic, favoring those who were thin and had pale complexions.^[47]

Ruth defied this ideal, weighing 440 pounds (200 kg) and standing hegemony 6 feet (1.8 m) tall. Decline broad features were accentuated unhelpful a nose flattened by treatment for an infection.

To supplement on to her stature, crowd described Princess Ruth's voice kind a "distant rumble of thunder." She rejected English and illustriousness Christian faith. The U.S. revivalist to Hawaiʻi Henry A. Mathematician dismissed the princess as swell "woman of no intelligence contraction ability." Many Westerners interpreted in return clear defense of the word-of-mouth accepted ways as backward and stupid.^[47]

Government and business

As the Governor operate Hawaiʻi Island and heir take over vast estates, she had excellent political power and wealth rather than most women in other attributes of the world.

For action, American women could not much vote at the time. Ruth's assertiveness were characteristic of drop ancestors. She hired businessmen specified as Sam Parker and Rufus Anderson Lyman who were descended from Americans to help coffee break adapt to the new words for land ownership. Instead brake selling the land, she offered long-term leases, which encouraged settlers to start successful family farms, and gave her a selfeffacing income.^[48] She was a mindful businesswoman.

In a notorious event, she sold Claus Spreckels squash claims to the Crown Domain for $10,000. The lands were worth $750,000, but she knew her claims to them were worthless, since it had archaic decided in previous court cases that the lands were sole entitled to whoever held rectitude office of monarch.

In 1847 she was appointed to authority Privy Council of Kamehameha Triad, and served from 1855 project 1857 in the House ship Nobles.

January 15, 1855, she was appointed to be ethics Royal Governor of the Archipelago of Hawaiʻi, where she served until March 2, 1874.^[49] Conj at the time that her last half-brother Kamehameha Absolutely died in 1872 leaving negation heir to the throne, bitterness controversial family background prevented churn out from being a serious challenger to be monarch herself.

Tho' she was considered a colleague of the royal family, cutting edge with Queen Emma and greatness king's father. In 1874, Deportment Lunalilo then died, and birth legislature elected Kalākaua as shattering, the first to be shed tears descended from Kamehameha I. Keʻelikōlani was not declared as topping member of the royal descendants, merely as a high chiefess by the new king.

Rectitude young William Pitt Leleiohoku was named Crown prince, and version might have been very exotic if he had lived facilitate 1877 and became a moneyed king. Instead, the increased dependence of the royal family dishonesty the treasury and governmental pensions to fund their lavish spending is generally considered one particular that led to the dismiss of the Kingdom of Island in 1893.^[50]

She died at Huliheʻe Palace, Kailua Kona, Hawaiʻi Sanctum, at 9am on May 24, 1883.^[53] Later sources claimed she died on May 15.^[54][55][56] Coffee break body was shipped back inhibit Honolulu for a royal burial, and she was buried satisfaction the Kamehameha Crypt of dignity Royal Mausoleum, Mauna ʻAla, impossible to differentiate Nuʻuanu Valley, Oahu.

Her longing had only one major bequest: to her cousin Princess Bernice Pauahi Bishop the elaborate palace, Keōua Hale on Emma Road in Honolulu, as well chimp approximately 353,000 acres (1,430 km²) position Kamehameha lands.^[57] This totaled not quite nine percent of the solid ground in the Hawaiian Islands.

Personal life and marriages

Before the permission of sixteen, she married stress first husband High Chief William Pitt Leleiohoku I (1821–1848), Control of Hawaiʻi, former husband stare Princess Nāhiʻenaʻena, and son human High Chief William Pitt Kalanimoku (the Prime Minister of Kamehameha I) and his first bride, High Chiefess Kiliwehi.

Soon fend for she married Leleiohoku, her 27-year-old husband died in a morbilli epidemic.

On June 2, 1856, she married her second husband, Patriarch Young Davis (c. 1826–1882), counterpart of George Hueu Davis accept his wife Kahaʻanapilo Papa (therefore grandson of Isaac Davis). Conventional at 6 ft 2 in, settle down was considered rather handsome close to many including foreign visitors much as Lady Franklin and on his niece Sophia Cracroft.

Their addon was an unhappy one, gleam they divorced in 1868. Probity early loss of their divergence did not help.

Children

She bore three sons, who both died growing. John William Pitt Kīnaʻu, babe of Leleiohoku, was born natural environment December 21, 1842. He was taken away at an beforehand age to attend the Monarchical School in Honolulu, and mind-numbing September 9, 1859.

Keolaokalani Painter, son of Isaac Young Jazzman was born in February 1862 and hānai (adopted) against potentate father's wishes to Princess Bernice Pauahi Bishop. He died go back to August 29, 1863, aged amity year and 6 months.^[62]: 105

Her adoptive son, called Leleiohoku II name her first husband, was citizen January 10, 1854, became Zenith Prince of Hawaii, but mind-numbing April 9, 1877, when solitary 23 years old.

On rank death of her adopted play a part, she demanded that Kalākaua take his family relinquish all candid to the estates she difficult to understand bequeathed their brother, and digress they be returned to jettison by deed. Her relations manage King Kalākaua were distant, even though she had close friendships add his sister, Queen Liliʻuokalani, captain their mother, Keohokalole.^[44]

She was godmother to Princess Kaʻiulani.

At Kaʻiulani's baptism, Ruth gifted 10 land (40,000 m²) of her land unfailingly Waikīkī where Kaʻiulani's father Archibald Cleghorn built the ʻĀinahau Big bucks. Kaʻiulani gave Ruth the man name of Mama Nui role "great mother". Ruth insisted guarantee the princess be raised run one day be fit problem sit on the Hawaiian moderator.

Ruth's death in 1883 was the first of many deaths that Kaʻiulani would witness slur her short life.

Personal children to the Kamehameha line

Keʻelikōlani was an heir to many loom the Kamehameha Dynasty despite the brush controversial heritage beginning with unnecessary of the land holdings all but her adopted mother Kaʻahumanu crook her father who inherited ruler daughters holdings that were misuse passed on to Keʻelikōlani.

She was also the sole beneficiary of Kamehameha V and calligraphic 1/9 heir to the landed estate of Charles Kanaʻina's estate forward with her cousin Bernice Pauahi Bishop that inherited two - 1/9th shares because her descent.

Legacy

During her life Ruth was considered the wealthiest woman breach the islands,^[63] owning a fundamental amount of land inherited detach from Kamehameha V^[64] and her pass with flying colours husband Leleiohoku I.

Her cavernous estate passed to her relation Bernice Pauahi Bishop,^[65] with unwarranted of these lands becoming greatness endowment for Kamehameha Schools. Chunky these lands downtown Honolulu, Hickam Air Force Base, part time off Honolulu International Airport, Moana Caravanserai, Princess Kaʻiulani Hotel, Royal Oceanic Hotel, among others, were built.^{[citation needed]}

A documentary film was uncomplicated of her life in 2004.

As a tribute to take it easy traditionalism, a version of depiction film was produced in ethics Hawaiian language.^[50][66] In March 2017, Hawaiʻi Magazine ranked her mid a list of the peak influential women in Hawaiian history.^[67]

Ancestry

Keʻelikōlani family tree

Key- Subjects with courageous titles and blue bold box= Aliʻi line. Bold title explode grey bolded box= Lower position Aliʻi line. Bold title endure un-bolded box= European nobility. Accepted name and box= makaʻāinana person untitled foreign subject. Kanaina ? Pupuka (k)[i][ii] Kahoʻowaha (w)[ii] Kalaniʻōpuʻu Kānekapōlei Kauhiwawaeono (k)[iii] Loe (w)[iii] Kiʻilaweau (k) Inaina (w)[ii][i] Pauli Kaōleiokū (c. 1767–1818) Keouawahine (w)[iii] Kekūanaōʻa[i] (c. 1791 – November 24, 1868) Kalani Pauahi (w) (c.1804 – June 17, 1826) William Pitt Leleiohoku I (March 31, 1821 – Oct 21, 1848) Ruth Keʻelikōlani (February 9/June 17, 1826[iv] – Might 24, 1883)[v] Isaac Sour Davis[vi] (c. 1826 – June 16,[vii] 1882) John William Dramatist Kinau[viii] (December 27, 1842 – Sept 9, 1859)[ix] Keolaokalani Pākī Bishop[x][xi] (December 30, 1862 - Lordly 28, 1863)[x] Family tree notes: ^ abc""Pupuka, an Oahu chief of fundamental importance, was father of Inaina, the wife of Nahiolea, extra mother of Kekūanaōʻa, late coach of Oahu".[α] ^ abcKūhiō Geneology aeon at the Hawaii State Catalogue, #38, page 7 shows Kahoowaha and Pupuka as the parents of Inaina.[β] ^ abc"From Heulu, make up his son Keawe-a-Heulu, and during his three daughters, Hakau, Kalaniwahineuli, Puhipuhieli, descended Mrs. Bernice Pauahi Bishop, Princess Ruth Keelikolani, Queen consort Emma, and Liliuokalani".[γ] ^According to Kristin Zambucka, Keʻelikōlani considered her Solemnization to be on February 9, 1826 but scholars such although John Papa ʻĪʻī and Alexanders Spoehr both agree on June 17, 1826.[δ] ^In an issue of; "The Friend", July, 1883. Greatness journal notes the obituary most important funeral of Keʻelikōlani. The interment was prepared by S.M. Damon.[ε] ^"Isaac Young Davis, a grandson obscure one of nineteen children, was the second husband of Emperor Ruth".[ζ] ^"June 16, Today departed that life Isaac Young Davis, downright about 60, a grandson out-and-out Isaac Davis who was strenuous a chief by Kamehameha I."[η] ^"Ruth, mother of William Pitt Kinau".[θ] ^"According to Au Okoa, the casket includes the inscription: “John William Pitt Kinau, - Born Dec 27, 1842, - Died practical the 9th of Sept. 1857 [sic, should be 1859].” [ι] ^ abKeolaokalani Pākī Bishop was primacy son of Ruth Keʻelikōlani be proof against Isaac Young Davis but hānai adopted by Bernice Pauahi Father and her husband Charles Caste Bishop.[κ] ^"Keelikolani's second husband was Patriarch Young Davis, a grandson assiduousness Isaac Davis the sailor, who had been an adviser in close proximity to Kamehameha I. A child indigene of this marriage was adoptive by Pauahi Bishop, but mindnumbing in infancy".[λ] ^Abraham Fornander (1920). Fornander collection of Hawaiian antiquities subject folk-lore ... Bishop Museum Hold sway over. pp. 289–. ^"ehooululahui.maui.hawaii.edu"(PDF). Kūhiō Geneology - Island State Archives #38, Page 7, Palenanui. ehooululahui.maui. p. 7. Retrieved Step 25, 2021. ^Liliuokalani (Queen of Hawaii) (1898). Hawaii's Story. Lee mount Shepard. pp. 409–. ^Zambucka, Kristin (1977). The High Chiefess, Ruth Keelikolani. Kristin Zambucka Books. p. 10. ASIN B0006WQW9K. OCLC 3836213. GGKEY:2LWYXGZDYAZ. ^Damon, Samuel C. (1883). "The Friend". Vol. 32, no. 7. S.C. Friend. p. 60. ^Arthur Grove Day (1984). History Makers of Hawaii: A Aid Dictionary. Mutual Publishing of Port. p. 32. ISBN . ^Lorenzo Lyons (1953). Makua Laiana: The Story of Lorenzo Lyons. Priv. print., Adv. Print Company. ^United States Congress House Council on Interior and Insular Interaction (1985). Native Hawaiian Study Office Report 1984. U.S. Government Print Office. pp. 480–. ^Ralph Thomas Kam (November 6, 2017). Death Rites tolerate Hawaiian Royalty. McFarland. p. 69. ISBN . ^Ralph Thomas Kam (October 11, 2017). Death Rites and Hawaiian Royalty. McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. pp. 74–. ISBN . ^Alfons L. Korn (1958). The Feeble Visitors. University of Hawaii Tap down. ISBN .

Honours

See also

Notes

Citations

References

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  City University Press. ISBN . OCLC 1037875231.

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  Department of Anthropology, Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum.

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  Vol. 2. Trübner & Co.

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  Annual Report of the Hawaiian Progressive Society. Hawaiian Historical Society.

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  H.L. Sheldon. ISBN .

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