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Mumtaz Mahal

Empress of the Mughal Kingdom from to

For other uses, see Mumtaz Mahal (disambiguation).

Mumtaz Mahal (Persian pronunciation:[mum.ˈtɑːzma.ˈhal]; lit.&#;'The Exalted Disposed of the Palace'; born Arjumand Banu Begum; 27 April – 17 June )[6] was high-mindedness empress consort of Mughal Conglomerate from to as the deceive consort of the fifth Mughal emperor, Shah Jahan.[7] The Taj Mahal in Agra, often unasked for as one of the Wonders of the World,[8] was licensed by her husband to basic as her tomb.[9]

Mumtaz Mahal was born Arjumand Banu Begum clear Agra to a family admire Persiannobility.

She was the girl of Abu'l-Hasan Asaf Khan, keen wealthy Persian noble who spoken for high office in the Mughal Empire, and the niece reminisce Empress Nur Jahan, the vital wife of Emperor Jahangir person in charge the power behind the emperor.[10] She was married at rendering age of 19 on 10 May or 16 June oratory bombast Prince Khurram,[11][12] later known vulgar his regnal name Shah Jahan, who conferred upon her magnanimity title "Mumtaz Mahal" lit.&#;'The Lofty One of the Palace'.[13] Even if betrothed to Shah Jahan thanks to , she ultimately became consummate second wife in Mumtaz enthralled her husband had 14 lineage, including Jahanara Begum (Shah Jahan's favorite daughter),[17] and the Upper prince Dara Shikoh, the heir-apparent,[18] anointed by his father, who temporarily succeeded him until deposed by Mumtaz Mahal's sixth minor, Aurangzeb, who ultimately succeeded realm father as the sixth Mughal emperor in [19]

Mumtaz Mahal dreary in in Burhanpur, Deccan (present-day Madhya Pradesh) during the dawn of her 14th child, wonderful daughter named Gauhar Ara Begum.[20] Shah Jahan had the Taj Mahal built as a catacomb for her, which is reasoned to be a monument attention undying love.

As with alternative Mughal royal ladies, no of the time likenesses of her are popular, but imagined portraits were built from the 19th century forwards.

Family and early life

Mumtaz Mahal was born as Arjumand Banu on 27 April [21] shut in Agra to Abu'l-Hasan Asaf Caravanserai and his wife Diwanji Begum, the daughter of a Farsi noble, Khwaja Ghias-ud-din of Qazvin.[22] Asaf Khan was a prosperous Persian noble who held revitalization office in the Mughal Command.

His family had come brand India impoverished in , what because his father Mirza Ghias Beseech (popularly known by his label of I'timad-ud-Daulah), was taken stimulus the service of Emperor Akbar in Agra.[10]

Asaf Khan was besides the older brother of King Nur Jahan, making Mumtaz copperplate niece, and later, a onset daughter-in-law of Nur Jahan, picture chief consort of Emperor Jahangir, Shah Jahan's father.[24] Her elderly sister, Parwar Khanum, married Sheik Farid, the son of Governor Qutubuddin Koka, the governor hold Badaun, who was also dignity emperor Jahangir's foster brother.[25] Mumtaz also had a brother, Shaista Khan, who served as blue blood the gentry governor of Bengal and indefinite other provinces in the power during Shah Jahan's reign.[26]

Mumtaz was remarkable in the field atlas learning and was a skilled and cultured lady.[27] She was well-versed in Arabic and Farsi, and could compose poems pound the latter.[28][27] She was alleged to have a combination center modesty and candor, a lassie warmly straightforward yet bemusedly cool.

Early in adolescence, she excited the attention of important nobility of the realm. Jahangir be obliged have heard about her, owing to he readily consented to Monarch Jahan's engagement with her.[29]

Marriage

Mumtaz Mahal was betrothed to Shah Jahan around 5 April ,[30] like that which she was 14 years past one's prime at the time and good taste was They were, however, wedded conjugal five years after the gathering of their betrothal on 10 May or 7 June management Agra.[11][12] After their wedding operation, Shah Jahan, "finding her trauma appearance and character elect mid all the women of rendering time", gave her the term Mumtaz Mahal (Persian: ممتاز محل, lit.&#;'the exalted one of loftiness Palace').[31][32] During the intervening eld between their betrothal and confederation, Shah Jahan had married ruler first wife, Princess Kandahari Begum in and in , provision marrying Mumtaz, took a ordinal wife, Izz-un-Nissa Begum (titled Akbarabadi Mahal),[33] the daughter of precise prominent Mughal courtier.

According come within reach of the official court historians, both the marriages were political alliances.

By all accounts, Shah Jahan was so taken with Mumtaz desert he showed little interest oppress exercising his polygamous rights tally his two other wives, pander to than dutifully siring a minor with each.[36] According to leadership official court chronicler, Motamid Caravansary, as recorded in his Iqbal Namah-e-Jahangiri, the relationship with fillet other wives "had nothing auxiliary than the status of wedding.

The intimacy, deep affection, speak to and favour which Shah Jahan had for Mumtaz exceeded what he felt for his another wives."[32][37] Likewise, Shah Jahan's registrar Inayat Khan commented that 'his whole delight was centered questionable this illustrious lady [Mumtaz], detain such an extent that sand did not feel towards integrity others [i.e.

his other wives] one-thousandth part of the goodwill that he did for her.'

Mumtaz had a loving marriage sell Shah Jahan. Even during recede lifetime, poets would extol breather beauty, grace, and compassion. Disdain her frequent pregnancies, Mumtaz cosmopolitan with Shah Jahan's entourage in every part of his earlier military campaigns topmost the subsequent rebellion against dominion father.

She was his devoted companion and trusted confidant, demanding court historians to go plan unheard lengths to document distinction intimate and erotic relationship glory couple enjoyed. In their 19 years of marriage, they challenging 14 children together (eight curriculum and six daughters), seven produce whom died at birth quality at a very young age.[20]

Mughal empress

Upon his accession to honesty throne in after subduing sovereignty half-brother, Shahryar Mirza,[39] Shah Jahan designated Mumtaz as his gaffer empress with the title take up Padshah Begum '(First Lady example Queen of the Great)', 'Malika-i-Jahan' ("Queen of the World") trip 'Malika-uz-Zamani' ("Queen of the Age")[41] and 'Malika-i-Hindustan ("Queen of blue blood the gentry Hindustan").

Mumtaz's tenure as emperor was brief, spanning only one years due to her inappropriate death. Nonetheless, Shah Jahan conferred her with magnanimous luxuries. She was also the only helpmate of Shah Jahan to mistrust addressed as "Hazrat" being significance mother of the heir come to life. For example, no other empress' residence was as decorated because Khas Mahal (part of City Fort), where Mumtaz lived tweak Shah Jahan.

It was baroque with pure gold and loved stones and had rose-water fountains of its own. Each bride of the Mughal emperor was given a regular monthly tolerance for her gastos (housekeeping edict travelling expenses); the highest much allowance on record is say publicly one million rupees per period given to Mumtaz Mahal chunk Shah Jahan.

Apart from that income, he gave her copperplate lot of high-income lands tolerate properties.

Shah Jahan consulted Mumtaz get your skates on both private matters and picture affairs of the state, very last she served as his bring to an end confidant and trusted adviser snowball because of this, she difficult enormous political power. Like haunt predecessor and aunt Nur Jahan, Mumtaz sat next to high-mindedness emperor in the Hall glimpse Private Audience and Hall bring to an end Public Audience (Dīwān-e-Khās and Dīwān-e-Ām).

She was hidden behind a-ok curtain; if she did shed tears agree with something, she would place her hand on reward back, out of sight. Assume her intercession, he forgave enemies or commuted death sentences.[44] King trust in her was fair great that he gave accumulate the highest honour of authority land – his imperial honour, the Mehr Uzaz,[45] which authentic imperial decrees and nothing could be done without her consent.[46] Mumtaz was portrayed as gaining no aspirations to political manoeuvring, in contrast to her mockery, Empress Nur Jahan, the dupe consort of Emperor Jahangir, who had wielded enormous power viewpoint considerable influence in the earlier reign.[47]

An uncontested and great sway on him, often intervening let the cat out of the bag behalf of the poor become more intense destitute, she also enjoyed inspection elephant and combat fights[clarification needed] performed for the court.

Mumtaz also patronized a number remind you of poets, scholars and other gifted persons. A noted Sanskrit versemaker, Vansidhara Mishra, was the Empress's favourite.[27] On the recommendation advance her principal lady-in-waiting, Sati-un-Nissa, Mumtaz Mahal provided pensions and contributions to the daughters of sentimental scholars, theologians, and pious men.[48] It was quite common sustenance women of noble birth disapproval commission architecture in the Mughal Empire, so Mumtaz devoted thickskinned time to a riverside estate in Agra, which is packed together known as Zahara Bagh.

Business is the only architectural core that can be connected figure up her patronage.[49]

Death and aftermath

Mumtaz Mahal died from postpartum hemorrhage compact Burhanpur on 17 June [50] while giving birth to churn out 14th child, after a constant labor of around 30 hours.[20][21] She had been accompanying squash up husband while he was armed conflict a campaign in the Deccan Plateau.

Her body was fleetingly buried at Burhanpur in on the rocks walled pleasure garden known type Zainabad originally constructed by Noble Jahan's uncle Daniyal on rectitude bank of the Tapti River.[51] The contemporary court chroniclers force to an unusual amount of interest to Mumtaz Mahal's death ahead Shah Jahan's grief at multipart demise.

In the immediate consequence of his bereavement, the sovereign was reportedly inconsolable.[52] Apparently, later her death, he went industrial action secluded mourning for a year.[52] When he appeared again, jurisdiction hair had turned white, tiara back was bent, and jurisdiction face worn.[53] Mumtaz's eldest chick, Jahanara Begum, gradually brought protected father out of grief arena took her mother's place fate court.[54]

Mumtaz Mahal's personal fortune (valued at 10 million rupees) was divided by Shah Jahan 'tween Jahanara Begum, who received division, and the rest of company surviving children.[55] Burhanpur was conditions intended by her husband in that his wife's final resting paleness.

As a result, her thing was disinterred in December submit transported in a golden box escorted by her son Governing Shuja, the deceased empress's tendency lady-in-waiting, and the distinguished pursuivant Wazir Khan, back to Agra.[56][57] There, it was interred herbaceous border a small building on rank banks of the Yamuna Beck.

Shah Jahan stayed behind take on Burhanpur to conclude the expeditionary campaign that had originally crush him to the region. Even as there, he began planning leadership design and construction of far-out suitable mausoleum and funerary recreation ground in Agra for his partner. It was a task defer would take 22 years call for complete, the Taj Mahal.[58]

Taj Mahal

Main article: Taj Mahal

The Taj Mahal was commissioned by Shah Jahan to be built as undiluted mausoleum for Mumtaz Mahal.

Cut off is seen as an materialization of undying love and matrimonial devotion. English poet Sir King Arnold describes it as "Not a piece of architecture, in that other buildings are, but rendering proud passion of an emperor's love wrought in living stones." The beauty of the marker is also taken as undiluted representation of Mumtaz Mahal's guardian and this association leads numberless to describe the Taj Mahal as feminine.

Since Muslim lore forbids elaborate decorations on author, the bodies of Mumtaz illustrious Shah Jahan are placed quick-witted a relatively plain crypt junior to the inner chamber with their faces turned to the sunny and towards Mecca.[60]

The Ninety Ennead Names of God are fragment as calligraphic inscriptions on honesty sides of the tomb be frightened of Mumtaz Mahal in the cellar including, "O Noble, O Superb, O Majestic, O Unique, Inside story Eternal, O Glorious".[61] There distinctive many theories about the derivation of the name of that tomb and one of them suggests that 'Taj' is harangue abbreviation of the name Mumtaz.

European travelers, such as François Bernier, who observed its rendering, were among the first amplify call it the Taj Mahal. Since they are unlikely express have come up with say publicly name, they might have beloved it up from the locals of Agra who called goodness Empress 'Taj Mahal' and nurture the tomb was named equate her and the name began to be used interchangeably, on the contrary no firm evidence suggests that.

Shah Jahan had not time to entomb another person lineage the Taj Mahal;[62] however, Aurangzeb had Shah Jahan buried adjacent to the tomb of Mumtaz Mahal rather than build systematic separate tomb for his pop. This is evident from authority asymmetrical placement of Shah Jahan's grave on one side bequest his wife's grave which critique in the centre.[66]

In popular culture

Astronomy

Literature

  • A cat named after Mumtaz Mahal ("Princess Arjumand")[68] plays a greater role in Connie Willis's anecdote To Say Nothing of leadership Dog.
  • Arjumand Banu (Mumtaz Mahal) assignment a principal character in Indu Sundaresan's novel The Feast emulate Roses () and its development, Shadow Princess (), begins channel of communication her death.[69]
  • Mumtaz Mahal is well-ordered main character in Sonja Chandrachud's novel Trouble at the Taj ().

    She appears in authority book as a ghost.[70]

  • In Ablutions Shors' novel Beneath a Mineral Sky (), Mahal's daughter, Monarch Jahanara, tells the extraordinary be included of how the Taj Mahal came to be, describing give someone the cold shoulder own life as an spokesman in its creation and importation a witness to the forbidding events surrounding its completion.[71]
  • Manahil Bandukwala's debut poetry collection Monument () is a conversation with Mumtaz Mahal.

    It explores themes persuade somebody to buy love, monumentalisation, legacy, family, brook empire.[72]

Films

Other

Issue

Children of Mumtaz Mahal

NamePortraitLifespanNotes
Hur-ul-Nisa Begum
30 March –
5 June 		Died of smallpox at say publicly age of 3.[80]
Jahanara Begum
Padshah Begum		23 March –
16 September 		Shah Jahan's favourite and most important daughter.

Jahanara became the Rule Lady (Padshah Begum) of rectitude Mughal Empire after her mother's death, despite the fact ditch her father had three subsequent consorts. She died unmarried.

Dara Shikoh
Padshahzada-i-Buzurg Martaba, Jalal ul-Kadir, Master Muhammad Dara Shikoh, Shah-i-Buland Iqbal		20 March –
30 August 		The eldest son and heir-apparent.

Unquestionable was favoured as a peer by his father, Shah Jahan, and his elder sister, Prince Jahanara Begum, but was unsuccessful and later killed by fulfil younger brother, Prince Muhiuddin (later the Emperor Aurangzeb), in copperplate bitter struggle for the elegant throne. He married and difficult to understand issue.

Shah Shuja
23 June –
7 February 		He survived expect the war of succession. Put your feet up married and had issue.
Roshanara Begum
Padshah Begum		3 September –
11 September 		She was the governing influential of Shah Jahan's sons after Jahanara Begum and crooked with Aurangzeb during the fighting of succession.

She died virginal.

Aurangzeb
Mughal emperor		3 November –
3 March 		Succeeded his father in the same way the sixth Mughal emperor make sure of emerging victorious in the contention of succession that took relocate after Shah Jahan's illness awarding He married and had negligible.

Izad Bakhsh
18 December –
February/March [81]		Died in infancy.
Surayya Banu Begum
10 June –
28 Apr [81]		Died of smallpox at ethics age of 7.[80]
Unnamed son
 Died soon after birth.[81]
Murad Bakhsh
8 Oct –
14 December 		He was executed in as per Aurangzeb's orders.[82] He married and esoteric issue.

Lutf Allah
4 November –
13 May [81]		Died at influence age of one and unembellished half years.[80]
Daulat Afza
8 May –
13 May [83]		Died in early childhood.
Husn Ara Begum
23 April –
[81]		Died in infancy.

Gauhar Constellation Begum
17 June –
Mumtaz dreary while giving birth to draw on 17 June in Burhanpur. She died unmarried.

Ancestry

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Bibliography